Table 1.

Comparison of background covariates between exposure groups in the unmatched sample

Mean
Variable	Overall (N = 2240)	Exposed (N = 176)	Unexposed (N = 2064)	P-valuea	Standardized Difference	Variance Ratio
(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)
Gender
Female	0.839	0.824	0.840	Ref.	–	–
Male	0.161	0.176	0.160	0.573	0.043	1.086
Age Group
15–19	0.113	0.125	0.112	0.613	0.039	1.102
20–24	0.163	0.131	0.166	0.227	−0.099	0.826
25–29	0.201	0.188	0.202	0.644	−0.037	0.950
30–34	0.165	0.188	0.163	0.396	0.065	1.124
35–39	0.143	0.119	0.145	0.344	−0.077	0.850
40–44	0.103	0.142	0.099	0.073	0.131	1.369
Over 44 yrs.	0.112	0.108	0.112	0.857	−0.014	0.970
Level of Education
None	0.227	0.085	0.239	< 0.001	− 0.426	0.431
Primary Education	0.157	0.091	0.163	0.012	−0.217	0.610
Secondary/Higher	0.616	0.824	0.598	< 0.001	0.513	0.607
Wealth Quintile
Poorest	0.245	0.051	0.262	< 0.001	−0.605	0.252
Poorer	0.170	0.097	0.176	0.007	−0.234	0.604
Middle	0.203	0.142	0.208	0.036	−0.175	0.743
Richer	0.200	0.318	0.190	< 0.001	0.296	1.415
Richest	0.181	0.392	0.163	< 0.001	0.527	1.754
Ethnicity
Akan	0.365	0.653	0.341	< 0.001	0.658	1.014
Ewe	0.136	0.017	0.146	< 0.001	−0.484	0.135
Mole-Dabgani	0.282	0.153	0.293	< 0.001	−0.339	0.631
Other	0.217	0.176	0.221	0.167	−0.112	0.847
Type of Residence
Rural	0.479	0.324	0.492	Ref.	–	–
Urban	0.521	0.676	0.508	< 0.001	0.347	0.881
Ever been told by a clinician as having hypertension
No	0.889	0.858	0.892	Ref.	–	–
Yes	0.111	0.142	0.108	0.168	0.103	1.271
Type of facility visited
Public/Government	0.831	0.688	0.843	Ref.	–	–
Private	0.169	0.313	0.157	< 0.001	0.373	1.632
Outcome Variables
Out-of-pocket payments	0.146	0.301	0.132	< 0.001	–	–
Patient Satisfaction	59.439	60.756	59.327	0.031	–	–
Perceived friendliness of staff	0.948	0.966	0.946	0.260	–	–
Perceived adequacy of consultation time	0.926	0.915	0.927	0.541	–	–

Note: The analyses are not weighted; ^aTwo-sample t-test comparisons of means between exposed and unexposed