Table 2.
Characteristics of studies on burnout among nurses in Middle East (N = 53)
| 1st author, Year | Country | Study population | Burnout assessment | EE (%) or mean ± SD | DP (%) or mean ± SD | PA (%) or mean ± SD | Overall Burnout (%) or mean ± SD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abushaikha, 2009 [94]g | Palestine | Nurses from 5 private hospitals (N = 152) | MBI | 23.5 ± 10.2 | 5.4 ± 5.6 | 34.1 ± 9.4 | – |
| Ahmadi, 2014 [95] | Iran | Nurses from a university affiliated hospital (N = 100): emergency (N = 28), orthopedic (N = 22), dialysis wards (N = 19), and ICU (N = 31) | MBI | – | – | – |
Emergency: 17.0%+ Orthopedic: 18.6%+ Dialysis: 29.0%+ ICU: 8.7%+ |
| Akkus, 2010 [96] | Turkey | Nurses from stem cell transplantation units (N = 57) | MBI | 15.1 ± 7.5 | 3.7 ± 3.3 | 12.2 ± 5.1 | – |
| Akman, 2016 [97] | Turkey | Pediatric nurses (N = 165) | MBI |
high job satisfaction scores: 19.1 ± 6.2 low job satisfaction scores: 26.9 ± 6.2 |
high job satisfaction scores: 5.9 ± 3.9 low job satisfaction scores: 9.2 ± 4.9 |
high job satisfaction scores: 11.9 ± 5.8 low job satisfaction scores: 9.8 ± 5.1 |
– |
| Al-Turki, 2010 [98] | Saudi Arabia | Multi-national nurses from a tertiary care hospital (N = 189) | MBI | 45.0% | 42.0% | 29.0% | – |
| Al-Turki, 2010 [99] | Saudi Arabia | Nurses from a tertiary care hospital (N = 37) | MBI | 46.0% | 49.0% | 17.0% | – |
| Alharbi, 2016 [100] | Saudi Arabia | Critical care nurses (N = 150) | MBI | 35.2 ± 8.9 | 16.3 ± 5.2 | 33.9 ± 8.0 | – |
| Alimoglu, 2005 [101] | Turkey | Nurses (N = 141) | MBI | 19.2 ± 6.9 | 5.2 ± 3.6 | 20.8 ± 4.0 | – |
| Altun, 2002 [102] | Turkey | Nurses (N = 160) | MBI | 17.3 ± 7.7 | 4.6 ± 4.3 | 22.8 ± 5.9 | – |
| Anwar, 2017 [103] | Egypt | Nurses from a university hospital (N = 227) | MBI-HSS |
24.6 ± 6.8 27% |
12.1 ± 4.1 48% |
28.4 ± 6.3 78% |
– |
| Arslan, 2016 [104] | Turkey | Nurses from 16 hospitals (N = 799) | MBI | 16.4 ± 7.1 | 5.4 ± 4.2 | 10.1 ± 5.8 | – |
| Azmoon, 2018 [105] | Iran | Nurses from teaching hospitals (N = 522) | MBI | 13.1 ± 6.6 | 28.5 ± 9.1 | 18.4 ± 7.1 | – |
| Bagheri, 2019 [106] | Iran | Nurses from 4 teaching hospitals (N = 684) | MBI | 38.7% | 30.4% | 24.6% | – |
| Bakir, 2010 [107] | Turkey | Military nurses (N = 377) | MBI |
Age (year) ≤29: 24.8 ± 6.9 Age (year) ≥30: 12.1 ± 10.7 |
Age (year) ≤29: 10.7 ± 3.7 Age (year) ≥30: 25.3 ± 7.3 |
Age (year) ≤29: 20.8 ± 5.1 Age (year) ≥30: 20.7 ± 5.5 |
– |
| Chayu, 2011 [108] | Israel | Nephrology nurses (N = 132) | MBI and Shirom-Melamed Burnout Questionnaire (SMBD) | 3.2 ± 1.3 | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 2.1 ± 0.9 | |
| Darban, 2016 [109] | Iran | Nurses (N = 60) | MBI | – | – | – |
Pre-intervention: 60.8 ± 7.8 After: 60.9 ± 7.9 After 1 month: 61.0 ± 8.0 Study group Pre-intervention: 61.1 ± 8.0 After: 58.8 ± 7.6 After 1 month: 54.6 ± 7.0 |
| Demir, 2003 [110] | Turkey | Nurses at university and state hospitals (N = 333) | MBI |
state hospitals: 19.1 ± 5.7 university hospitals: 17.2 ± 6.0 |
state hospitals: 5.6 ± 3.6 university hospitals: 4.7 ± 3.1 |
state hospitals: 20.3 ± 4.1 university hospitals: 20.6 ± 4.1 |
– |
| Dor, 2018 [111] | Israel | Hospital nurses (N = 278) and community nurses (N = 179) | MBI |
Hospital: 3.0 ± 1.0 Community: 2.4 ± 0.9 |
Hospital: 2.2 ± 0.9 Community: 2.0 ± 0.9 |
Hospital: 2.1 ± 0.6 Community: 2.0 ± 2.7 |
– |
| Emold, 2011 [112] | Israel | Nurses from 6oncology units (N = 39) | MBI | 30.8% | 5.1% | 15% | – |
| Farahbod, 2015 [113] | Iran | Nurses at a trauma referral teaching hospital (N = 214) | MBI | 24.7 ± 12.2 | 4.7 ± 5.1 | 41.1 ± 9.6 | – |
| Gholami, 2016 [114] | Iran | Nurses (N = 415) | MBI | 25.1 ± 12.4 | 5.9 ± 5.1 | 33.3 ± 9.6 | – |
| Gunusen, 2010 [115] | Turkey | Nurses (N = 108) | MBI |
Pre-intervention: Coping group: 20.9 ± 4.7 Control group: 21.4 ± 4.2 Post-intervention: Coping group: 20.9 ± 4.7 Control group: 21.4 ± 4.2 |
Pre-intervention: Coping group: 5.8 ± 3.6 Control group: 5.0 ± 3.1 Post-intervention: Coping group: 4.6 ± 3.2 Control group: 5.4 ± 2.7 |
Pre-intervention: Coping group: 19.7 ± 3.4 Control group: 19.7 ± 3.6 Post-intervention: Coping group: 21.4 ± 3.5 Control group: 19.9 ± 3.1 |
– |
| Hamaideh, 2011 [116] | Jordan | Mental health nurses (N = 181) | MBI |
24.0 ± 13.9 55% |
7.0 ± 7.1 50% |
31.6 ± 11.5 50% |
– |
| Iecovich, 2017 [117] | Israel | Nurses in long-term care facilities (N = 154) | MBI | 25.6 ± 10.5 | 10.2 ± 5.7 | 20.1 ± 8.1 | – |
| Ilhan, 2008 [118] | Turkey | Nurses (N = 418) | MBI | 18.0 ± 6.3 | 5.7 ± 3.9 | 19.8 ± 4.7 | – |
| Kapucu, 2009 [119] | Turkey | Nurses from hemodialysis units (N = 95) | MBI | 16.0 ± 6.3 | 4.7 ± 3.2 | 21.0 ± 4.6 | – |
| Karadag, 2017 [120] | Turkey | Nurses from a state hospital (N = 118) | MBI | 48.9 ± 6.1 | 5.8 ± 3.5 | 11.2 ± 4.6 | – |
| Karakoc, 2016 [121] | Turkey | Nurses working in dialysis centers (N = 171) | MBI | 14.0 ± 7.3 | 4.4 ± 3.4 | 20.8 ± 4.1 | – |
| Karaman, 2017 [122] | Turkey and Iran | Nurses working in surgical clinics (N = 179) in Turkey (N = 87) and Iran (N = 97) | MBI |
Turkey: 28.3 ± 6.9 Iran: 25.5 ± 9.2 |
Turkey: 10.2 ± 3.4 Iran: 9.4 ± 3.9 |
Turkey: 29.5 ± 5.0 Iran: 31.6 ± 5.2 |
– |
| Kavurmacı, 2014 [123] | Turkey | Hemodialysis nurses (N = 32) | MBI | 17.1 ± 8.3 | 5.9 ± 4.1 | 20.6 ± 4.1 | – |
| Kutluturkan, 2016 [124] | Turkey | Oncology nurses (N = 140) | MBI |
(median): 24.0 |
(median): 9.0 |
(median): 16.0 |
– |
| Kızılcı, 2012 [125] | Turkey | Nurses working in academic institutions (N = 94) | MBI | 16.4 ± 5.9 | 4.8 ± 3.6 | 22.3 ± 4.3 | – |
| Moghaddasi, 2013 [126] | Iran | Nurses working in medical and education centers (N = 340) | MBI |
22.8 ± 12.4 34.6% |
6.99 ± 6.23 28.8% |
32.30 ± 9.26 95.7% |
– |
|
Mohammad, 2012 [127] |
Iran | Nurses (n = 712) | MBI | – | – | – | 21.9%+ |
| Mudallal, 2017 [128] | Jordan | Nurses (N = 407) | MBI |
31.5 ± 12.8 60.9% |
15.2 ± 6.9 65.1% |
32.3 ± 18.9 43.0% |
– |
| Naveri, 2009 [129] | Iran | Nurses (N = 200) | MBI | – | – | – | 21.7%+ |
| Ozbas, 2016 [130] | Turkey | Oncology nurses (N = 82) | MBI |
Pre-intervention: Study group: 25.3 ± 6.8 Control group: 23.6 ± 6.9 Post-intervention: Study group: 19.0 ± 4.0 Control group: 26.1 ± 5.8 |
Pre-intervention: Study group: 10.8 ± 4.1 Control group: 9.7 ± 3.0 Post-intervention: Study group: 7.9 ± 2.6 Control group: 11.1 ± 3.1 |
Pre-intervention: Study group: 29.1 ± 4.6 Control group: 28.4 ± 4.1 Post-intervention: Study group: 30.6 ± 3.7 Control group: 27.7 ± 4.6 |
– |
| Ozden, 2013 [131] | Turkey | Intensive care nurses (N = 138) | MBI | 15.8 ± 7.2 | 6.5 ± 4.2 | 20.7 ± 5.0 | – |
| Özgür, 2018 [132] | Turkey | Nurses at a university hospital (N = 155) | MBI | 20.3 ± 5.9 | 7.2 ± 3.4 | 12.76 ± 3.67 | – |
| Palazoglu, 2017 [133] | Turkey | Emergency nurses (N = 236) | MBI | 21.9 ± 6.5 | 10.0 ± 4.0 | 21.0 ± 4.5 | – |
| Rezaei, 2018 [134] | Iran | Nurses (N = 200) | MBI-HSS | 2.9 ± 0.3 | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | – |
| Ron, 2014 [135] | Israel | Nurses (N = 214) | single-item | – | – | – | 3.92 ± 0.44 |
|
Sabanciogullari 2015 [136] |
Turkey | Nurses working at a university hospital (N = 63) | MBI | 14.8 ± 5.1 | 24.6 ± 3.7 | 21.6 ± 2.4 | – |
| Sahraian, 2008 [137] | Iran | Nurses working at public hospitals (N = 180) | MBI | 25.8 ± 0.9 | 5.9 ± 0.3 | 29.6 ± 1.1 | – |
| Shahriari, 2014 [138] | Iran | Critical care nurses (N = 170) | MBI |
Fixed shift schedule: 60%, Non-fixed schedule: 12.9% |
Fixed shift schedule: 32.9%, Non-fixed schedule: 18.8% |
Fixed shift schedule: 27.1% Non-fixed schedule: 43.5% |
– |
| Shamali, 2015 [139] | Iran | Nurses with rotating shift schedules (N = 130) and fixed shift schedules (N = 130) | MBI |
Rotating schedule 20.5 ± 11.1 Fixed schedule: 26.6 ± 11.4 |
Rotating schedule 10.8 ± 6.7 Fixed schedule: 11.7 ± 6.4 |
Rotating schedule 31.1 ± 9.9 Fixed schedule: 29.3 ± 11.2 |
– |
| Sorour, 2012 [140] | Egypt | Emergency nurses (N = 58) | MBI | – | – | – | 37.9%* |
| Soroush, 2016 [141] | Iran | Nurses working in neonatal intensive care units (N = 86) | MBI | 21.3 ± 8.1 | 2.6 ± 31 | 22.6 ± 5.4 | – |
| Taleghani, 2017 [142] | Iran | Oncology nurses (N = 67) | MBI | 38.1 ± 22.7 | 25.6 ± 17.8 | 47.9 ± 13.7 | – |
| Tekindal, 2012 [143] | Turkeys | Nurses working at a state hospital (N = 225) | MBI | 27.2 ± 6.3 | 9.3 ± 3.1 | 29.4 ± 4.2 | – |
| Topbas, 2019 [144] | Turkey | Hemodialysis nurses (N = 82) | MBI | 15.1 ± 7.9 | 8.2 ± 5.1 | 22.3 ± 4.9 | |
| Tuna, 2014 [145] | Turkey | Oncology nurses (N = 189) | MBI | 18.3 ± 6.2 | 5.9 ± 3.6 | 11.1 ± 4.1 | – |
| Yousefy, 2006 [146] | Iran | Psychiatric nurses (N = 55) and medical nurses (N = 51) | MBI | 16.64 ± 7.54 | 4.96 ± 5.50 | 13.82 ± 9.83 | – |
Abbreviations: MBI = Maslach Burnout Inventory; MBI-HSS = Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey
*Overall burnout prevalence based on high burnout score in at least one of the burnout categories
^Overall burnout prevalence based on high burnout scores in all three of the burnout categories
+Unclear how overall burnout prevalence was defined