Table 2.
Group differences in terms of Strength and Difficulties Questionnaires, mean/n [SD(%)]
| B-LBC (1) |
O-LBC (2) |
N-LBC (3) |
F or χ2 | PC$ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotional symptomsa, mean (SD) | 3.6 (2.2) | 3.5 (2.2) | 3.3 (2.1) | 4.75** | (1, 3) |
| Emotional symptoms (categorical)1 | 10.58** | (1, 3) | |||
| Normal/borderline (0–6) | 608 (87.5) | 490 (88.9) | 683 (92.5) | ||
| Abnormal (7–10) | 87 (12.5) | 61 (11.1) | 55 (7.5) | ||
| Conduct problemsb, mean (SD) | 2.5 (1.6) | 2.4 (1.6) | 2.4 (1.6) | 0.82 | |
| Conduct problems (categorical)2 | 0.65 | ||||
| Normal/borderline (0–4) | 619 (89.1) | 493 (90.5) | 660 (89.6) | ||
| Abnormal (5–10) | 76 (10.9) | 52 (9.5) | 77 (10.4) | ||
| Hyperactivityc, mean (SD) | 4.1 (2.2) | 4.0 (2.1) | 3.8 (2.1) | 3.64* | (1, 3) |
| Hyperactivity (categorical)3 | 8.31* | (1, 3) | |||
| Normal/borderline (0–6) | 601 (86.0) | 474 (86.3) | 668 (90.5) | ||
| Abnormal (7–10) | 98 (14.0) | 75 (13.7) | 70 (9.5) | ||
| Peer problemsd, mean (SD) | 2.7 (1.7) | 2.7 (1.6) | 2.6 (1.6) | 0.98 | |
| Peer problems (categorical)4 | 2.00 | ||||
| Normal/borderline (0–5) | 653 (93.4) | 521 (94.6) | 702 (95.1) | ||
| Abnormal (6–10) | 46 (6.6) | 30 (5.4) | 36 (4.9) | ||
| Total difficulties scoree, mean (SD) | 12.8 (5.5) | 12.7 (5.3) | 12.0 (5.2) | 4.25* | (1, 3) |
| Total difficulties score (categorical)5 | 8.53* | (1, 3) | |||
| Normal/borderline (0–19) | 600 (86.8) | 479 (88.7) | 667 (91.6) | ||
| Abnormal (20–40) | 91 (13.2) | 61 (11.3) | 61 (8.4) | ||
| Prosocialf, mean (SD) | 6.9 (2.0) | 6.8 (2.1) | 7.0 (2.0) | 2.03 | |
| Prosocial (categorical)6 | 1.82 | ||||
| Normal/borderline (5–10) | 625 (89.9) | 491 (89.1) | 672 (91.3) | ||
| Abnormal (0–4) | 70 (10.1) | 60 (10.9) | 64 (8.7) |
B-LBC left-behind children with both parents migrating, O-LBC left-behind children with one parent migrating, N-LBC neither parents had migrated
* p < 0.05, **p < 0.01
$PC indicate the significance of pairwise comparisons in the post hoc analysis
aPartial η2 = 0.005; bPartial η2 = 0.001; cPartial η2 = 0.004; dPartial η2 = 0.001; ePartial η2 = 0.004; fPartial η2 = 0.002
1: Phi = 0.073; 2: Phi = 0.018; 3: Phi = 0.065; 4: Phi = 0.032; 5: Phi = 0.066; 6: Phi = 0.030