Table 3.
Predictors of depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms among women with GDM using multiple logistic regression (n = 526)
| Parameters | Depressive Symptoms | Anxiety Symptoms | Stress Symptoms | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-value | ||
| A Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Treatment Profile | |||||||
| Self-Monitoring with Glucometer | No | 1.743 (0.813–3.737) | 0.153 | ||||
| Yes | Reference | – | |||||
| Treatments | OAD and/or diet modification | Reference | – | ||||
| Insulin with/out OAD and/or diet modification | 1.204 (0.803–1.806) | 0.369 | |||||
| Socio-Demographic Factors | |||||||
| Age | 0.955 (0.919–0.993) | 0.020 | |||||
| Ethnicity | Malay | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| Non-Malay | 0.537 (0.030–9.660) | 0.673 | 1.533 (0.944–2.492) | 0.084 | 0.492 (0.030–8.214) | 0.622 | |
| Religion | Muslim | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| Non-Muslim | 2.937 (1.434–6.018) | 0.003 | 0.891 (0.234–3.394) | 0.866 | 2.451 (1.273–4.718) | 0.007 | |
| Education | Secondary and below | 1.168 (0.607–2.248) | 0.641 | ||||
| Tertiary | Reference | – | |||||
| Marital Status | Without husband | 1.285 (0.252–6.551) | 0.763 | ||||
| With husband | Reference | – | |||||
| Parity | Nulliparous- Primiparous | 0.968 (0.621–1.509) | 0.886 | ||||
| Multiparous ≥2 | 1.000 | – | |||||
| Past Obstetric History | |||||||
| Abortion | No | Reference | – | Reference | – | ||
| Yes | 1.251 (0.585–2.675) | 0.563 | 1.351 (0.878–2.078) | 0.171 | |||
| Preterm Delivery | No | Reference | – | ||||
| Yes | 1.901 (0.760–4.753) | 0.169 | |||||
| Gestational diabetes mellitus | Reference | – | |||||
| 1.351 (0.700–2.605) | 0.370 | ||||||
| Current Medical Problems | |||||||
| Allergy | No | Reference | Reference | – | Reference | – | |
| Yes | 2.543 (0.455–14.208) | 0.288 | 1.634 (0.421–6.346) | 0.478 | 3.224 (0.781–13.304) | 0.106 | |
| Asthma | No | Reference | – | Reference | – | ||
| Yes | 2.436 (1.219–4.870) | 0.012 | 1.966 (0.806–4.798) | 0.137 | |||
| Family History | |||||||
| Heart Disease | No | Reference | – | ||||
| Yes | 2.015 (0.944–4.302) | 0.070 | |||||
| Depression and Anxiety | No | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| Yes | 4.706 (1.362–16.254) | 0.014 | 4.782 (1.281–17.853) | 0.020 | 1.949 (0.510–7.451) | 0.329 | |
| Gestational Diabetes Mellitus | No | Reference | – | Reference | – | ||
| Yes | 1.258 (0.646–2.449) | 0.500 | 1.521 (0.844–2.739) | 0.163 | |||
*Significant at p < 0.05