Table 4.
The relationship between income inequality and neonatal mortality controlling for individual and state-level characteristics
| 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds for Neonatal Mortality | Odds for Neonatal Mortality | Odds for Neonatal Mortality | Odds for Neonatal Mortality | |||||||||||||
| Crude | Adjusted | Crude | Adjusted | Crude | Adjusted | Crude | Adjusted | |||||||||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | |
| State Characteristics | ||||||||||||||||
| Gini Z-Score | 1.10 | (1.03,1.17) | 0.99 | (0.94,1.04) | 1.05 | (0.99,1.12) | 0.95 | (0.91,1.00) | 1.10 | (1.04,1.17) | 0.95 | (0.91,1.00) | 1.11 | (1.04,1.18) | 0.96 | (0.92,1.01) |
| Change in Gini Z-score | 0.97 | (0.92,1.03) | 1.05 | (1.01,1.09) | 1.01 | (0.95,1.07) | 1.07 | (1.03,1.11) | 0.99 | (0.93,1.04) | 1.07 | (1.03,1.12) | 1.00 | (0.94,1.06) | 1.13 | (1.07,1.19) |
| State Median Income Z-score | 0.93 | (0.87,0.98) | 0.94 | (0.88,1.00) | 0.88 | (0.82,0.94) | 0.80 | (0.74,0.87) | ||||||||
| Proportion non-Hispanic black Z-score | 1.02 | (0.97,1.07) | 0.99 | (0.94,1.04) | 1.04 | (0.98,1.09) | 1.04 | (0.98,1.10) | ||||||||
| Proportion Poor Z-score | 0.94 | (0.87,1.02) | 0.95 | (0.88,1.04) | 0.92 | (0.85,1.00) | 0.82 | (0.75,0.90) | ||||||||
| State Population Z-score | 0.99 | (0.97,1.02) | 1.01 | (0.98,1.04) | 1.02 | (0.99,1.05) | 1.06 | (1.03,1.10) | ||||||||
| Census Division (ref: New Engl) | ||||||||||||||||
| Middle Atlantic | 0.89 | (0.79,0.99) | 0.93 | (0.83,1.05) | 0.84 | (0.74,0.95) | 1.01 | (0.88,1.15) | ||||||||
| East North Central | 1.12 | (0.99,1.28) | 1.08 | (0.94,1.24) | 1.00 | (0.88,1.15) | 1.19 | (1.01,1.40) | ||||||||
| West North Central | 1.12 | (0.98,1.28) | 1.01 | (0.87,1.16) | 0.87 | (0.76,1.01) | 1.10 | (0.92,1.32) | ||||||||
| South Atlantic | 1.11 | (0.96,1.27) | 1.11 | (0.95,1.30) | 0.94 | (0.81,1.09) | 1.17 | (0.98,1.41) | ||||||||
| East South Central | 1.19 | (1.03,1.39) | 1.21 | (1.04,1.41) | 0.98 | (0.83,1.15) | 1.43 | (1.18,1.73) | ||||||||
| West South Central | 1.04 | (0.90,1.21) | 1.02 | (0.88,1.19) | 0.94 | (0.81,1.09) | 1.29 | (1.06,1.56) | ||||||||
| Mountain | 1.22 | (1.05,1.43) | 1.11 | (0.96,1.29) | 1.14 | (0.97,1.35) | 1.44 | (1.20,1.74) | ||||||||
| Pacific | 0.97 | (0.84,1.11) | 0.89 | (0.76,1.03) | 0.85 | (0.73,0.99) | 1.04 | (0.88,1.24) | ||||||||
| Individual Characteristics | ||||||||||||||||
| Mother’s Age (years) | 1.01 | (1.01,1.02) | 1.01 | (1.01,1.02) | 1.01 | (1.01,1.02) | 1.01 | (1.01,1.02) | ||||||||
| Mother’s Race (ref: non-Hispanic white) | ||||||||||||||||
| non-Hispanic black | 2.16 | (2.07,2.25) | 2.11 | (2.02,2.20) | 2.15 | (2.06,2.24) | 1.97 | (1.88,2.06) | ||||||||
| American Indian | 1.16 | (0.99,1.35) | 1.00 | (0.85,1.18) | 1.30 | (1.11,1.52) | 1.20 | (1.02,1.42) | ||||||||
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 1.13 | (1.03,1.23) | 1.03 | (0.94,1.12) | 1.15 | (1.05,1.26) | 1.14 | (1.04,1.25) | ||||||||
| Hispanic | 1.08 | (1.03,1.14) | 0.99 | (0.94,1.04) | 1.10 | (1.04,1.16) | 1.10 | (1.04,1.16) | ||||||||
| Education (ref: less than HS) | ||||||||||||||||
| High School | 0.98 | (0.94,1.02) | 0.94 | (0.90,0.98) | 0.92 | (0.88,0.96) | 0.95 | (0.91,0.99) | ||||||||
| Post-Secondary | 0.76 | (0.72,0.79) | 0.73 | (0.69,0.76) | 0.72 | (0.69,0.76) | 0.74 | (0.70,0.77) | ||||||||
| Marital Status (ref: coupled) | ||||||||||||||||
| Single | 1.26 | (1.21,1.31) | 1.23 | (1.18,1.28) | 1.24 | (1.19,1.29) | 1.25 | (1.20,1.30) | ||||||||
| Nativity (ref: born outside USA) | ||||||||||||||||
| US born | 1.17 | (1.12,1.23) | 1.19 | (1.13,1.25) | 1.27 | (1.21,1.33) | 1.23 | (1.17,1.30) | ||||||||
| Birth Order (ref: first) | ||||||||||||||||
| Second | 0.87 | (0.83,0.91) | 0.89 | (0.85,0.92) | 0.88 | (0.85,0.92) | 0.90 | (0.86,0.94) | ||||||||
| Third | 0.88 | (0.84,0.93) | 0.94 | (0.89,0.98) | 0.89 | (0.84,0.93) | 0.91 | (0.86,0.96) | ||||||||
| Fourth or more | 1.13 | (1.08,1.18) | 1.17 | (1.12,1.22) | 1.11 | (1.06,1.16) | 1.14 | (1.08,1.19) | ||||||||