Table 1.
Summary of in-vitro, in-vivo, and clinical data concerning the expression of ghrelin-axis in different types of cancer.
| Ghrelin | GHSR-1a | GHSR-1b | Other | References | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mRNA | Local protein level | Blood/cell culture media protein concentration | mRNA | Protein | mRNA | Protein | |||
| Breast cancer | |||||||||
| Cancer cell lines | |||||||||
| T47D | pG +, ex 3-del + | –, + | + | (11, 29) | |||||
| MDA-MB231 | pG +, ex 3-del +, native –, In-1 + | –, +, – | +, + | GOAT + | (11, 12, 29) | ||||
| MCF7 | pG +, ex 3-del + | –, + | + | (11, 29) | |||||
| MB-435 | pG +, ex 3-del + | –, + | + | (11) | |||||
| Human samples | |||||||||
| Normal | Native +, In-1 + | Native –, aG +, ex 3-del + | + | ++, + | – | – | GOAT + | (11, 12, 58) | |
| Benign | Native – | + | (58) | ||||||
| Carcinoma | Native +, In-1 ++, In-1 + | Native +, aG ++, ex 3-del ++ | Cachectic > non- cachectic (total); CADS > non-CADS (total) | + | +, + | + | + | GOAT ++ | (11, 12, 58–61) |
| Colorectal cancer | |||||||||
| Human samples | |||||||||
| Normal | Native + | Carcinoma < normal (2), Carcinoma > normal, Cachectic > non- cachectic (total) (2) | ++ | + | GHRLOS LncRNA++ | (35) | |||
| Carcinoma | Native ++ | + | ++ | GHRLOS LncRNA+ | (35, 61–64) | ||||
| Gastric cancer | |||||||||
| Cancer cell-lines | |||||||||
| AGS | Native – | +, +* | + | (37, 47) | |||||
| SGC7901 | ++* | (37) | |||||||
| Human samples | |||||||||
| Normal | Native ++ | Native ++ | Neuroendocrine = normal (total), Adenocarcinoma < normal (total) (3) | +* | (65, 66) | ||||
| Adenocarcinoma | Native + | Native + | ++* | (48, 49, 65–68) | |||||
| Neuroendocrine | |||||||||
| Esophageal cancer | |||||||||
| Human samples | |||||||||
| Normal | Normal > adenocarcinoma (total) Normal > SCC (total) Normal > EGJA (total) | + | (69) | ||||||
| Barrett | ++ | (69) | |||||||
| Adenocarcinoma | Native – | Native – | (70, 71) | ||||||
| SCC | (72) | ||||||||
| EGJA | (49) | ||||||||
| Lung cancer | |||||||||
| Cancer cell lines | |||||||||
| CALU-1 (non-endocrine) | – | (73) | |||||||
| H1650 and HCC827/GR (drug-resistant NSCLC) | ++* | ++* | (74) | ||||||
| HCC827 (non-drug resistant NSCLC) | +* | +* | (74) | ||||||
| H345 (neuro-endocrine) | Native + | Native – | – | (75) | |||||
| Human samples | |||||||||
| SCLC | SCLC = normal SCLC > normal (2) Cachectic > non-cachectic NSCLC = normal NSCLC > normal (2) | (44, 76) | |||||||
| NSCLC | + | (44, 76, 77) | |||||||
| Adenocarcinoma | Native + | Native – | – | (75) | |||||
| SCC | Native + | Native – | + | (75) | |||||
| Neuroendocrine | Native + | Native + | + | (75) | |||||
| Prostate cancer | |||||||||
| Cancer cell-lines | |||||||||
| DU145 | Native ++, native –, native +, In-1 + | Native – | Native – | +, + | +, + | (78–80) | |||
| LNCaP | Native +, native –, aG +, ex 3-del +, native ++, In−1 + | Native – | Native – | +, – | +, – | (36, 78–80) | |||
| PC3 | Native + (3), aG ++, ex 3-del ++, In-1 ++ | Native – | +, – | ++, – | (36, 78–80) | ||||
| ALVA41 | Native +, In-1 + | ++ | + | (78, 79) | |||||
| 22Rv1 | Native +, In-1 + | + | + | (78, 79) | |||||
| VCaP | Native +, In-1 + | (79) | |||||||
| Normal cell line | Native –, native +, In-1+ | + | – | (78, 79) | |||||
| Normal | Native +, In-1 + | Carcinoma = benign (total) (2), Carcinoma > benign (aG), Carcinoma > normal (aG), Carcinoma = Normal (aG), Carcinoma > normal (In-1) | – | – | (78) | ||||
| Benign | Native + | Native –, Native +, ex 3-del + | + | (36, 80) | |||||
| Carcinoma | Native + (2), In-1 ++ | native –, native ++, ex 3-del ++ | – (2) | – (2) | Carcinoma > normal (GOAT) | (36, 78, 80–83) | |||
| Pancreatic cancer | |||||||||
| Cancer cell lines | |||||||||
| PANC1 | Native + | Native – | + | + | + | + | (38) | ||
| MIAPaCa2 | Native – | Native – | + | + | + | + | (38) | ||
| BxPC3 | Native – | Native – | + | + | + | + | (38) | ||
| Capan2 | Native – | Native – | + | + | + | + | (38) | ||
| Human samples | |||||||||
| Normal | Neuroendocrine = normal (total) (2) | ||||||||
| Neuroendocrine tumor | Native + | Native + | +* | +* | (68, 84) | ||||
| Clear cell subtype of renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) | |||||||||
| Cancer cell-lines | |||||||||
| 786-0 | Native ++ | + | (85) | ||||||
| ACHN | Native + | + | (85) | ||||||
| A-498 | Native + | + | (85) | ||||||
| 769-P | Native + | ++ | (85) | ||||||
| A-704 | Native + | + | (85) | ||||||
| Human samples | |||||||||
| Normal | Native + | (85) | |||||||
| Carcinoma | Native ++ | (85) | |||||||
| Central nervous system cancer | |||||||||
| Cancer cell lines | |||||||||
| Astrocytoma (CCF-STTG1, U-87, U-118, SW1088) | Native + | Native + | Native+ | + | + | (86) | |||
| Glioma: C6 (rat), U251(human) | + | + | + | + | (87) | ||||
| Normal astrocytes | Native –/+ | Native –/+ | Native –/+ | –/+ | –/+ | (86) | |||
| Human samples | |||||||||
| Glioblastom | Native (38/39) | + (38/39) | (88) | ||||||
| Anaplastic astrocytoma | Native (12/13) | + (5/13) | (88) | ||||||
| Diffuse astrocytoma | Native (2/11) | + (1/11) | (88) | ||||||
| Neurofibromatosis | +* | (89) | |||||||
| Ovarian cancer | |||||||||
| Cancer cell lines | |||||||||
| HO-8910 | +* | (90) | |||||||
| Human samples | |||||||||
| Benign | Native: benign > borderline > malignant | (91) | |||||||
| Borderline | |||||||||
| Malignant | |||||||||
| Endometrial cancer | |||||||||
| Human samples | |||||||||
| Normal | Native + | + | (92) | ||||||
| Cancer | Native + (2) | + | (92, 93) | ||||||
| Oral squamous cell carcinoma | |||||||||
| Cancer cell lines | |||||||||
| BHY | Native + | ++ | + | (94) | |||||
| HN | Native ++ | + | ++ | (94) | |||||
| Human samples | |||||||||
| Normal | Normal > cancer | (95) | |||||||
| Cancer | |||||||||
mRNA: messenger RNA; pG: pre-proghrelin; native: naturally occurring mature ghrelin; daG, des-acylated ghrelin; aG, acylated ghrelin; GHS-R, ghrelin hormone receptor; In-1: intron-1 ghrelin; ex 3-del: exon 3-deleted ghrelin; GOAT: Ghrelin-O-Acyltransferase; GHROS LncRNA: ghrelin opposite strand long non-coding RNA; EGJA: esophago-gastric junctional adenocarcinoma; SCC: squamous cell carcinoma; SCLC: small cell lung cancer; NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer; CADS: cancer-associated dyspepsia syndrome.
+: positive expression; –: negative expression; –/+: equivocal expression; number of + indicate relative expression.
type of ghrelin receptor not specified in corresponding reference.
Number in parenthesis indicate number of references supporting corresponding data. Numbers in format of x/y indicate number of sample size in corresponding reference with positive results.
Commas separate data of different references in case of each parameter.