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. 2019 Oct 22;9:15128. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51356-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Immune responses to IN flu immunization are enhanced with LTA1 adjuvant. (A) Schematic of animal immunizations. Groups of C57Bl/6 mice (n = 5) were immunized intranasally with 3.6 μg HA-content Fluzone-HD (FZ) alone or with LTA1 doses as indicated. (B) Serum anti-FZ IgG1, IgG2a, IgG1/IgG2a ratio and BAL IgA ELISA results. The latter graph includes one animal in FZ + LTA1 10 μg that maxed out the assay and is approximated as highest value detectable. (C) Th1 cytokines and (D) Other cytokines/proteases (GrzB = granzyme B) from 72 h culture supernatants of FZ stimulated splenocytes from mice post-boost (day 35) (excluding outlier from FZ + LTA1 10 μg group). Significance (*) is indicated for P ≤ 0.05 for all groups compared to FZ by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-test.