Fig. 1.
Experimental model. a Female mice (F0) were fed with either standard or high-fat diet (F0 SD and F0 HFD, respectively) for 4 weeks before mating with control males fed with SD. Unless otherwise specified, HFD was maintained during the pregnancy and until the second week of lactation. The offspring (F1HFD) and descendants (F2HFD and F3HFD) were always fed with SD. F1HFD and F2HFD male mice were mated with control females to generate F2HFD and F3HFD mice, respectively. A subgroup of F1HFD mice was exposed to novel enriched environment (NEE) for 4 weeks after the weaning. Subsequently, they were mated with control females to generate F2HFD NEE mice. F2HFD NEE male mice were mated with control females to generate F3HFD NEE mice. b Weight, c fasting glucose plasma levels, d fasting insulin plasma levels, and e HOMA-IR score of SD and HFD female mice after 4 weeks of dietary regimen (n = 10 for each group; statistics by unpaired Student’s t test). Data are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). ***p < 0.001