Fig. 6.

Genomic signal of climate adaptation. a Top three panels represent F_ST values plotted against genomic position (Mbp), coloured and ordered by chromosome name (from I in purple to V in yellow). Horizontal dashed line represents the 0.5% quantile. Bottom panel shows genomic positions of significant associations between annual precipitation (circle) and temperature annual range (triangle). In that case, −log10(P) refers to log-transformed P values estimated by the Latent Factor Mixed Model analysis. b A Polycomb group protein coding gene (Pc) underpins major differentiation signal across climatic conditions. Top panel shows nucleotide diversity estimates for 10-Kbp genomic windows spanning windows of chromosome III with high genetic differentiation between populations from arid, temperate and tropical areas. Dashed lines indicate the Pc ortholog boundaries. Within these boundaries, F_ST estimates along every base-pair of the gene sequence are represented below (circle size proportional to F_ST coefficient), with predicted exon model shown as grey rectangles. The bottom panel shows translated consensus sequences of exon 5 for populations of interest with asterisks marking mutations. c Proportion of genetic variance explained by climatic variables. Variants from eight isolates with no record of ivermectin resistance (AUS.2, FRA.1, GUA, IND, MOR, NAM, STO, ZAI) were analysed against a set of nine variables (from a total of 19, either precipitation- or temperature-associated coloured in blue and red respectively), selected to minimise correlation between variables. Annual precipitation (BIO12) and temperature annual range (BIO7) are main contributors of genetic variance