Table 2.

Recurrence rates (RR) in different surgical approaches deriving from including available studies from the U.S.A. for 12, 24, 60, and 120 months follow-up time.

USA	12 months		24 months		60 months		120 months		Citations
Surgical method (total patients included)	RR in % (95% CI)	Nr. at risk	RR in % (95% CI)	Nr. at risk	RR in % (95% CI)	Nr. at risk	RR in % (95% CI)	Nr. at risk
Primary open (2124)	2.2 (1.5–2.8)	1708	7.4 (5.7–9.1)	734	41.5 (30.2–52.8)	69	NA	NA	21, 37, 41, 43, 46, 57, 62, 63, 69, 77, 79, 104, 105, 107, 108, 111, 524– 540
Primary median closure (3650)	4.3 (3.6–5.1)	2754	8.5 (7.4–9.7)	2119	25.3 (21.9–28.7)	388	47.9 (37.1–58.6)	44	37, 46, 57, 62, 63, 69, 77, 107, 108, 152, 156, 157, 170, 175, 181, 185, 227, 237, 525– 529, 532, 533, 538, 540– 559
Primary asymmetric closure (176)	0.6* (0.0–1.7)	170*	0.6 (0.0–1.7)	160	NA	NA	NA	NA	257, 560, 561
Karydakis/Bascom (236)	0.3* (0.0–0.8)	236*	2.4* (0.2–4.7)	160*	NA	NA	NA	NA	21, 41, 562– 565
Limberg/Dufourmentel (164)	0.6* (0.0–1.8)	156*	0.6* (0.0–1.8)	145*	2.3 (0.0–4.9)	120	NA	NA	170, 351, 374, 566
Marsupialization (1475)	2.4 (1.4–3.3)	933	8.0* (6.0–10.1)	526*	12.1* (9.2–15.0)	332*	NA	NA	37, 46, 69, 77, 104, 152, 156, 175, 399– 401, 404, 405, 410, 411, 416, 527, 532, 538, 549, 567– 571
Limited excision (780)	5.8 (3.3–8.3)	301	10.1* (6.0–14.2)	162*	NA	NA	NA	NA	69, 170, 399, 430, 435, 527, 535, 572– 578
Pit picking (328)	0.9 (0.0–2.0)	328	2.8 (0.6–4.9)	213	NA	NA	NA	NA	69, 445, 579, 580
Flaps (595)	6.9 (4.6–9.3)	517	10.7* (7.0–14.4)	176*	NA	NA	NA	NA	108, 185, 227, 485, 527, 533, 581– 583
Incision and drainage (24)	67.2* (7.5–100)	16*	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	77, 528
Others (374)	0.9* (0.0–1.9)	364*	8.2* (4.7–11.7)	237*	11.9* (7.5–16.3)	234*	NA	NA	430, 510, 520, 584, 585
Partial closure (215)	5.5* (2.2–8.8)	199*	8.9* (4.5–13.3)	168*	NA	NA	NA	NA	62, 526, 528, 533, 549, 586