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. 2019 Oct 22;9:15110. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51756-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The RGC Response Delay Range Considerably Decreases when Upstream Retinal Circuits are Bypassed. (a) Schematic drawings depict the two recording paradigms; classical loose-patch extracellular recording with a glass pipette (left) upon light stimulation (yellow arrows and yellow trace) and recordings following an electrical stimulation with a current pulse (red lightning sign and red trace). (b) Individual responses of two representative RGCs (left and right panels) are shown by the raster plots, whereas mean responses are reflected by the PSTHs to light-(upper) and electrical stimulation (bottom), respectively. Histogram displays the reduction of response delays when stimuli were switched from light- (top panels) to electric stimulation (bottom panels) for the examined RGCs (n = 5). (c) Besides shorter latencies, electrical stimulation of RGC somata resulted in a statistically significant shrinkage of the latency range (by subtracting response delays of the slowest and fastest responses of each cell) for the examined cell population (p < 0.05; paired t-test).