. 2019 Sep 24;8(19):e013050. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.013050

Table 2.

Ceramide Ratio (C16:0/24:0) and Cardiac Structure and Function

Echocardiography Indices

Beta Estimate (Standard Error)

e^{\hat{β}}

P Value

LV ejection fraction^a

−0.009 (0.002)

0.991

0.0004^b

LV global circumferential strain

0.34 (0.12)

0.004^b

LV global longitudinal strain

0.07 (0.06)

0.26

E/e′^a

0.006 (0.005)

1.006

0.26

Left atrial emptying fraction^a

−0.008 (0.002)

0.992

<0.0001^b

Left atrial end‐systolic volume

2.48 (0.4)

<0.0001^b

LV mass^a

0.009 (0.004)

1.009

0.02

Multivariable linear regression showing the relation between C16:0/C24:0 and echocardiographic measures (dependent variable). Beta estimates represent change in echocardiography variable per 1 SD increment in ceramide ratio. Models were adjusted for age, sex, heart rate, height, weight, diabetes mellitus, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication use, current smoking, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and the ratio of total to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. E/e′ indicates mitral inflow velocity to early diastolic mitral annular velocity; LV, left ventricular; NA, not applicable.

These dependent variables were natural logarithmically transformed to satisfy the normality assumption of linear regression models. In these models $e^{\hat{β}}$ represents the fold change in Y per standard deviation increase in C16:0/C24:0. More positive global strain values signify worse LV systolic function.

Denotes associations that retain statistical significance following a Bonferroni correction for multiple testing.