Table 2.
Multivariate Models for the Effect of PTSD on Risk for Incident AF
| Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | P | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | P | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | P | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | P | |
| PTSD* | 1.48 (1.36–1.62) | <0.0001 | 1.26 (1.15–1.38) | <0.0001 | 1.14 (1.04–1.26) | 0.006 | 1.13 (1.02–1.24) | 0.02 |
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Age | 1.07 (1.06–1.07) | <0.0001 | 1.05 (1.04–1.05) | <0.0001 | 1.05 (1.04–1.06) | <0.0001 | 1.05 (1.05–1.06) | <0.0001 |
| Women | 0.32 (0.26–0.39) | <0.0001 | 0.38 (0.31–0.46) | <0.0001 | 0.39 (0.32–0.48) | <0.0001 | 0.39 (0.30–0.49) | <0.0001 |
| Black | 0.99 (0.89–1.09) | 0.79 | 0.86 (0.78–0.96) | 0.005 | 0.84 (0.76–0.94) | 0.002 | 0.84 (0.76–0.93) | 0.001 |
| Hispanic | 0.71 (0.62–0.82) | <0.0001 | 0.69 (0.59–0.79) | <0.0001 | 0.68 (0.59–0.78) | <0.0001 | 0.67 (0.58–0.77) | <0.0001 |
| Other | 0.85 (0.72–1.01) | 0.06 | 0.81 (0.68–0.96) | 0.01 | 0.81 (0.69–0.96) | 0.02 | 0.81 (0.68–0.96) | 0.02 |
| Unknown | 0.66 (0.47–0.94) | 0.02 | 0.73 (0.52–1.04) | 0.08 | 0.72 (0.51–1.02) | 0.07 | 0.74 (0.52–1.04) | 0.08 |
| Clinical factors* | ||||||||
| Hypertension | … | … | 2.54 (2.30–2.81) | <0.0001 | 2.42 (2.19–2.68) | <0.0001 | 2.41 (2.18–2.66) | <0.0001 |
| CAD | … | … | 4.51 (3.67–5.55) | <0.0001 | 4.62 (3.75–5.69) | <0.0001 | 4.57 (3.71–5.63) | <0.0001 |
| MI | … | … | 4.11 (2.77–6.11) | <0.0001 | 4.13 (2.78–6.15) | <0.0001 | 4.14 (2.79–6.16) | <0.0001 |
| DM | … | … | 1.12 (0.96–1.31) | 0.15 | 1.11 (0.95–1.29) | 0.20 | 1.10 (0.94–1.29) | 0.23 |
| OSA | … | … | 1.75 (1.58–1.94) | <0.0001 | 1.70 (1.53–1.89) | <0.0001 | 1.69 (1.52–1.87) | <0.0001 |
| Lifestyle factors | ||||||||
| Obesity | … | … | … | … | 1.20 (1.11–1.31) | <0.0001 | 1.23 (1.13–1.33) | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol abuse | … | … | … | … | 1.81 (1.58–2.07) | <0.0001 | 1.81 (1.58–2.07) | <0.0001 |
| Drug abuse | … | … | … | … | 1.23 (0.99–1.53) | 0.07 | 1.20 (0.96–1.49) | 0.11 |
| Current smoker | … | … | … | … | 0.98 (0.87–1.10) | 0.71 | 0.87 (0.80–0.96) | 0.003 |
| Former smoker | … | … | … | … | 0.89 (0.81–0.97) | 0.01 | 0.99 (0.88–1.11) | 0.85 |
| Psychiatric comorbidities | ||||||||
| Major depression* | … | … | … | … | … | … | 1.11 (0.97–1.28) | 0.15 |
Data are given as hazard ratio (95% CI), per 1 year. AF indicates atrial fibrillation; CAD, coronary artery disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; MI, myocardial infarction; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder.
*
Diagnoses occurred before the index ischemic stroke event and are time dependent.