Table 1.
Characteristics of the 25 included publications originating from 16 population studies.
| Study number | Reference number | First author | Year of publication | Study design | Location (name of study) | Recruitment period: year of birth | Source population Children from pregnant women recruited from… | Eligible population Children from mothers with and without HDP who were supposed to participate n (no. exposed/ unexposed) | Population for analysis: N (no. exposed/ unexposed) | Outcome | Age at outcome measurement | Child confounders | Maternal confounders |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypertensive disorders: pregnancy induced hypertension | |||||||||||||
| 1 | 18 | Kotchena | 1979 | PC | Lexington, Kentucky, USA | 1971–1974 | Hospital (N = 409; n exposed=74/ n unexposed=335) (46% White and 54% Black) | 129 (74/random sample of 55 out of 335) | 100 (53/47) | SBP and DBP | 3–6 years | – | – |
| 19 | Kotchena | 1982 | Idem | Idem | Idem | Idem | Idem | 112 (62/50) 107 (59/48) | Idem | 3–6 and 6–9 years | – | – | |
| 2 | 20 | Bergel | 2000 | PC | Rosario, Argentina | 1987–1990 | Prenatal clinics (n = 614) | 614 (not reported) | 518 (not reported) | SBP | 5–9 years | Sex, age, height, BMI at outcome measurement, treatment status (calcium vs. placebo) | – |
| 3 | 21 | Svenssona,b | 1986 | PC | Göteborg, Sweden (Hypertension in Pregnancy Offspring Study) | 1969–1973 | General population (n = 17,000 pregnancies) | 521 (261/260)e | 54 (39/15)f | SBP and DBP | 10–15 yearsg | – | – |
| 22 | Himmelmanna,b | 1993 | Idem | Idem | Idem | Idem | Idem | 59 (42/17)f | Idem | 10.6–16.4 years | Sex, birth weight, age, weight, height, heart rate at outcome measurement | – | |
| 9 | Himmelmanna,b | 1994 | Idem | Idem | Idem | Idem | Idem | Idem | Idem | 10.6–16.4 years and 18.2 years | Idem | – | |
| 23 | Himmelmanna,b | 1997 | Idem | Idem | Idem | Idem | Idem | Idem | Idem and glucose at follow-up | 10.6–16.4 years and 18.2 years | Idem | – | |
| Hypertensive disorders: preeclampsia | |||||||||||||
| 4 | 24 | Kvehaugena | 2010 | PC | Ullevål, Oslo, Norway (CHASE Study) | 2001–2004 | Hospital (n = 149) | 149 (not reported) | 40 (23/17) | SBP and DBP | 5–8 years | – | – |
| 25 | Kvehaugena | 2011 | Idem | Idem | Idem | Idem | 149 (not reported) | 34 (20/14) | SBP, DBP, triglycerides, cholesterol (total, HDL, LDL) | Idem | – | – | |
| 5 | 26 | Palti | 1989 | PC | Rehovot, Israel | 1980 | Hospital | Not reported | 188 (94/94 matched on sex, birth date, birth order, maternal age, marital status, ethnicity) | SBP and DBP | 6 years | – | – |
| 6 | 27 | Lazdamb | 2012 | PC | Oxford, United Kingdom | 1998–2003 | Hospital (N = 964; n exposed =428/n unexposed =536) | 618 (309/309) | 47 (33/14; their mothers were matched on age, parity and year of delivery) | SBP, cholesterol (LDL, total, HDL), triglycerides and glucose | 6–13 years | – | – |
| 7 | 28 | Langford | 1980 | PC | Hinds County, Mississippi, USA | 1965–1967 | Schools (Black females) | 586 (186/400) | 413 (115/298) | SBP and DBP | 7–11 years | – | – |
| 8 | 29 | Alsnes | 2014 | PC | Stavanger, Norway | 1993–1995 | Hospital (N = 12,804; n exposed =307/n unexposed = 12,497) | 926 (307/619) | 601 (218/383) | Cholesterol (total, HDL, non-HDL) and glucose | 10–11 years | – | – |
| 9 | 30 | Øglaend | 2009 | PC | Stavanger, Norway | 1993–1995 | General population (N = 239,000) | 890 (276/614) | 537 (181/356) | SBP and DBP | 11–12 years | BMI at outcome measurement | BMI, BP |
| 10 | 31 | Tenholaa | 2003 | PC | Kuopio, Finland | 1984–1986 | Hospital | Not reported (84/not reported) | 120 (60/ 60) For BP: 119 (59/60) (unexposed children were matched on sex, gestational age and birth size) | SBP, DBP, cholesterol (total, HDL, LDL), triglycerides and glucose | 12 years | Weight and height at outcome measurement | – |
| 32 | Tenholaa | 2006 | Idem | Idem | Idem | Idem | Idem | 114 (57/57 matched on sex, gestational age and birth size) | SBP and DBP | Idem | – | – | |
| 11 | 33 | Jayet | 2010 | PC | La Paz, Bolivia | 1990–1996c | La Paz | 146 (56/90) | 138 (48/90) | SBP and DBP | 13–14 years | – | – |
| 12 | 34 | Vatten | 2003 | CS | Nord Trøndelag, Norway (The Young-HUNT Study) | 1979–1984d | General population (N = 4980) | 4980 (not reported) | 4096 (243/3853) | SBP and DBP | 13–19 years | Birth weight, gestational age, age and BMI at outcome measurement. Birthweight adjusted for length of gestation as effect modifier | – |
| Hypertensive disorders: pregnancy induced hypertension and preeclampsia | |||||||||||||
| 13 | 35 | Hillerb | 2007 | PC | South Australia (Australian Calcium Trial) | 1992–1998 | General population (not reported) | 414 (65*/28#/321§) *Gestational hypertension #Preeclampsia §Normotensive pregnancy | 179 (31*/136§) (12#/136§) *Gestational hypertension #Preeclampsia §Normotensive pregnancy | SBP and DBP | 4–7 years | – | – |
| 14 | 36 | Belfort | 2012 | PC | Seven medical centres, USA (Infant Health and Development Program (IHDP)) | 1984 | Hospital (N = 1080) | 931 (not reported) | 694 (112*/582§) (22#/672§) *Preeclampsia #Other hypertensive disorders §Normotensive pregnancy | SBP | 6.5 years | Sex, age, height, behavioural state at outcome measurement, and blood pressure measurement method (gestational age as effect modifier) | Age, education, ethnicity, annual household income |
| 15 | 37 | Staleya | 2015 | Idem | Avon, UK (ALSPAC) | 1991–1992 | General population (N = 14,273) | Not reported | 6619 (253*/5295¶) (954#/5295¶) (117§/5295¶) *Existing hypertension #Gestational hypertension §Preeclampsia ¶Normotensive pregnancy | SBP and DBP | 7–18 years | Sex, height, BMI at outcome measurement (gestational age, birth weight, breastfeeding as mediators) | Parity, age, parental BMI, education, smoking during pregnancy, occupational social class (mode of delivery as mediator) |
| 38 | Geelhoeda | 2010 | PC | Idem | Idem | Idem | 13,678 (not reported) | 6668 (1118*/5345§) (205#/5345§) *Gestational hypertension #Preeclampsia §Normotensive pregnancy | SBP and DBP | 9 years | Sex, age, weight, height at outcome measurement (gestational age, birth weight as mediators) | Parity, age, parental BMI, education, smoking during pregnancy, occupational social class (mode of delivery as mediator) | |
| 10 | Lawlora | 2012 | Idem | Idem | Idem | Idem | 11,443 (not reported) for outcome BP 11,719 (not reported) for outcomes cholesterol and triglycerides | BP: 4654 (771*/3781§) (102#/3781§) Cholesterol and triglycerides: 3537 (598*/2869) (70#/2869) *Gestational hypertension #Preeclampsia §Normotensive pregnancy | SBP, DBP, cholesterol (HDL, non-HDL) and triglycerides | 9–12 years | Sex, age, weight, height at outcome measurement, dietary sodium intake (gestational age, birth weight as mediators) | Idem | |
| 39 | Fraser | 2013 | Idem | Idem | Idem | Idem | 13,617 (not reported) | 2888 (431*/2404§) (53#/2404§) *Gestational hypertension #Preeclampsia §Normotensive pregnancy | SBP, DBP, cholesterol (total, HDL, LDL) triglycerides and glucose | 17 years | Sex, age (gestational age, birth weight, BMI at outcome measurement as mediators) | Parity, age, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, household social class, smoking during pregnancy (mode of delivery as mediator) | |
| 16 | 40 | Miettola | 2013 | PC | Oulu and Lapland, Finland (Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFB1986)) | 1985–1986 | General population (not reported) | 9432 (not reported) | BP: 5573 (331*/5045§) (197#/5045§) Cholesterol and triglycerides: 3.7–8.2% missing Glucose: 3.7–14.1% missing *Gestational hypertension #Preeclampsia §Normotensive pregnancy | SBP, DBP, cholesterol (total, HDL, LDL), triglycerides and glucose | 16 years | Sex, birth weight, gestational age, BMI at outcome measurement | Parity, socioeconomic status, prepregnancy BMI |
a
These publications have used the same population study: Kotchen et al. (1979, 1982); Svensson et al., Himmelmann et al. (1993, 1994, 1997); Tenhola et al. (2003, 2006); Kvehaugen et al. (2010 and 2011); Geelhoed et al., Lawlor et al., Fraser et al., Staley et al. (2010, 2012, 2013, 2015).
b
Defined as a high risk of bias study in the risk of bias assessment.
c
Year of birth was estimated by earliest year of recruitment (2004) minus oldest age (14 years) at participation and latest year of recruitment (2009) minus youngest age (13 years) at participation.
d
Year of birth was estimated by earliest year of recruitment (1995) minus oldest age (16 years) at participation and latest year of recruitment (1997) minus youngest age (13 years) at participation.
e
Reported in Svensson A, Andersch B and Hansson L. Prediction in later hypertension following a hypertensive pregnancy. J Hypertens 1983; 03: 391–398.
f
Hypertensive pregnancies consists of two groups: children of mothers who had sustained hypertension after hypertensive pregnancy, and children of mothers who were normotensive after hypertensive pregnancy.
g
This age is reported in the paper, but study population is the same as the study population in papers by Himmelman et al. (1993, 1994, 1997).
HDP: hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; BP: blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; BMI: body mass index; PC: prospective cohort study; CS: cross-sectional study.