Table 2.
Studies on the association between pregnancy induced hypertension and systolic blood pressure or diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) in childhood.
| PIH |
Normotensive pregnancy |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study number | Reference number | First author (year) | Age at outcome measurement (range in years) | (Sub)group | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean difference | 95% CI or p-valuea |
| Systolic blood pressure | ||||||||||
| 1 | 18 | Kotchen (1979) | 3–6 | All children | 97.6 (1.3) | 53 | 93.1 (1.5) | 47 | 4.5b | p < 0.03 |
| 19 | Kotchen (1982) | 3–6 | Boys | 99.2 (1.8 SE) | 29 | 98.5 (1.9 SE) | 26 | 0.7b | p=n.s. | |
| Girls | 101.5 (1.4 SE) | 33 | 98.7 (1.5 SE) | 24 | 2.88b | p=n.s. | ||||
| 6–9 | Boys | 104.3 (1.8 SE) | 28 | 99.5 (1.3 SE) | 26 | 4.8b | p < 0.05 | |||
| Girls | 99.3 (1.3 SE) | 31 | 100.5 (2.1 SE) | 22 | –1.2b | p=n.s. | ||||
| 2 | 20 | Bergel (2000) | 5–9 | All children | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Crude: 0.0 | –0.9, 0.9 |
| Adjustedc: 0.2 | –0.6, 1.1 | |||||||||
| 14 | 36 | Belfort (2012) | 6.5 | All children | Not reported | 22 | Not reported | 672 | Crude: not reported | Not reported |
| Adjustedd: 3.5 | 0.0, 7.0 | |||||||||
| 15 | 37 | Staley (2015) | 7 | All children | Not reported | 954 | Not reported | 5.295 | Crude: 2.51 | 1.82, 3.20 |
| Adjustede: 1.98 | 1.32, 2.65 | |||||||||
| 38 | Geelhoed (2010) | 9 | All children | 105.2 (10.1) | 1.118 | 102.2 (9.1) | 5.345 | Crude: 3.06 | 2.46, 3.66 | |
| Adjustedf: 2.04 | 1.42, 2.67 | |||||||||
| 10 | Lawlor (2012) | 10–11 | All children | 106 (9) | 1.039 | 104 (9) | 5.367 | Crude: 2b | p < 0.001 | |
| Adjustedg: geometric mean: 2.04 | 1.33, 2.76 | |||||||||
| 39 | Fraser (2013) | 17 | All children | 120.5 (11.3) | 431 | 117.6 (10.4) | 2.404 | Crude: not reported | Not reported | |
| Adjustedh: 2.06 | 1.28, 2.84 | |||||||||
| 16 | 40 | Miettola (2013) | 16 | All children | Geometric mean (IQR): | 331 | Geometric mean (IQR): | 5.045 | Crude: 3b | p < 0.001 |
| 117 (107, 128) | 114 (106, 123) | Adjustedi: % difference: 2.5 | 1.4, 3.6 | |||||||
| Boys | Geometric mean (IQR): | Not reported | Geometric mean (IQR): | Not reported | Crude: 4.0b | p < 0.001 | ||||
| 124 (117, 133) | 120 (113, 128) | |||||||||
| Girls | Geometric mean (IQR): | Not reported | Geometric mean (IQR): | Not reported | Crude: 1.0b | p = 0.138 | ||||
| 110 (104, 117) | 109 (103, 117) | |||||||||
| Diastolic blood pressure | ||||||||||
| 1 | 18 | Kotchen (1979) | 3–6 | All children | 40.9 (1.9) | 53 | 40.8 (3.3) | 47 | 0.1b | p=n.s. |
| 19 | Kotchen (1982) | 3–6 | Boys | 57.0 (1.7 SE) | 29 | 60.3 (2.5 SE) | 26 | –3.3b | p=n.s. | |
| Girls | 60.3 (1.6 SE) | 33 | 59.8 (2.5 SE) | 24 | 0.5b | p=n.s. | ||||
| 6–9 | Boys | 59.4 (2.0 SE) | 28 | 56.9 (2.1 SE) | 26 | 2.5b | p=n.s. | |||
| Girls | 54.4 (1.9 SE) | 31 | 56.5 (3.0 SE) | 22 | –2.1b | p=n.s. | ||||
| 15 | 37 | Staley (2015) | 7 | All children | Not reported | 954 | Not reported | 5.295 | Crude: 1.07 | 0.57, 1.57 |
| Adjustede: 0.97 | 0.46, 1.48 | |||||||||
| 38 | Geelhoed (2010) | 9 | All children | 58.2 (6.0) | 1.118 | 57.2 (6.4) | 5.345 | Crude: 1.44 | 1.03, 1.86 | |
| Adjustedc: 1.07 | 0.60, 1.54 | |||||||||
| 10 | Lawlor (2012) | 10–11 | All children | 61 (8) | 1.039 | 60 (8) | 5.367 | Crude: not reported | Not reported | |
| Adjustedg: geometric mean: 1.10 | 0.47, 1.73 | |||||||||
| 39 | Fraser (2013) | 17 | All children | 66 (7.2) | 431 | 64.5 (6.8) | 2.404 | Crude: 1.5b | p < 0.001 | |
| Adjustedh: 1.11 | 0.54, 1.69 | |||||||||
| 16 | 40 | Miettola (2013) | 16 | All children | Geometric mean (IQR): | 331 | Geometric mean (IQR): | 5.045 | Crude: 2b | p < 0.001 |
| 69 (65, 74) | 67 (62, 72) | Adjustedi: % difference: 3.3 | 2.0, 4.6 | |||||||
| Boys | Geometric mean (IQR): | Not reported | Geometric mean (IQR): | Not reported | Crude: 2.0b | p = 0.006 | ||||
| 70 (65, 75) | 68 (63, 73) | |||||||||
| Girls | Geometric mean (IQR): | Not reported | Geometric mean (IQR): | Not reported | Crude: 3.0b | p < 0.001 | ||||
| 69 (64, 74) | 66 (62, 71) | |||||||||
p=n.s., not statistically significant.
We calculated the mean difference if this was not reported by the authors.
Adjusted for offspring sex, body mass index, height, age at outcome measurement, and calcium supplement status during pregnancy.
Adjusted for offspring sex, height z-score, age, blood pressure measurement method, child behavioural state at outcome measurement; maternal age, maternal education, annual household income and ethnicity.
Adjusted for offspring sex, body mass index, height at outcome measurement; maternal age, prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), parity, smoking during pregnancy, education and head of household social class.
Adjusted for offspring weight, height, and height squared at outcome measurement; maternal age, parental prepregnancy BMI, parity, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and social class.
Adjusted for offspring sex, body mass index, height, height-squared, age and dietary sodium at outcome measurement; maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, nulliparity, smoking during pregnancy, education and head of household social class.
Adjusted for offspring sex and age; maternal age, prepregnancy BMI, parity, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and household social class.
Adjusted for offspring sex; nulliparity, maternal prepregnancy BMI and socioeconomic position.
PIH: pregnancy induced hypertension; CI: confidence interval; SE: standard error; IQR: interquartile range