Table 3.
Studies on the associations between pregnancy induced hypertension and cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose (mmol/L).
| PIH |
Normotensive pregnancy |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study number | Reference number | First author (year) | Age at outcome measurement (range in years) | Outcome | (Sub)group | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean difference | 95% CI or p-value |
| Cholesterol | |||||||||||
| 15 | 10 | Lawlor (2012) | 9–10 | HDL cholesterol | All children | 1.38 (0.29) | 598 | 1.40 (0.31) | 2.869 | Crude: not reported | Not reported |
| Adjusteda: –0.01 | –0.03, 0.02 | ||||||||||
| Non-HDL cholesterol | All children | 2.88 (0.64) | 598 | 2.87 (0.65) | 2.869 | Crude: not reported | Not reported | ||||
| Adjusteda: 0.01 | –0.05, 0.07 | ||||||||||
| 39 | Fraser (2013) | 17 | Total cholesterol | All children | 3.8 (0.6) | 431 | 3.8 (0.7) | 2.404 | Crude: not reported | p = 0.76 | |
| Adjustedb: 0.01 | –0.06, 0.08 | ||||||||||
| HDL cholesterol | All children | 1.3 (0.3) | 431 | 1.3 (0.3) | 2.404 | Crude: not reported | p = 0.18 | ||||
| Adjustedb: –0.01 | −0.05, 0.02 | ||||||||||
| LDL cholesterol | All children | 2.1 (0.6) | 431 | 2.1 (0.6) | 2.404 | Crude: not reported | p = 0.25 | ||||
| Adjustedb: 0.03 | −0.03, 0.09 | ||||||||||
| 16 | 40 | Miettola (2013) | 16 | Total cholesterol | All children | Geometric mean (IQR): | 316 | Geometric mean (IQR): | 4.518 | Crude: 0.09a | p = 0.088 |
| 4.27 (3.80, 4.70) | 4.18 (3.70, 4.70) | Adjustedc: % difference: 2.1 | 0.05, 4.2 | ||||||||
| Boys | Geometric mean (IQR): 4.13 (3.70, 4.85) | Not reported | Geometric mean (IQR): 4.02 (3.60, 4.50) | Not reported | Crude: 0.11a | p = 0.113 | |||||
| Girls | Geometric mean (IQR): 4.43 (4.00, 4.90) | Not reported | Geometric mean (IQR): 4.35 (3.90, 4.80) | Not reported | Crude: 0.08a | p = 0.393 | |||||
| HDL cholesterol | All children | Geometric mean (IQR): | 316 | Geometric mean (IQR): | 4.518 | Crude: 0.02a | p = 0.349 | ||||
| 1.40 (1.24, 1.61) | 1.38 (1.20, 1.59) | Adjustedc: % difference: 2.4 | −0.03, 4.8 | ||||||||
| Boys | Geometric mean (IQR): 1.31 (1.17, 1.50) | Not reported | Geometric mean (IQR): 1.29 (1.14, 1.48) | Not reported | Crude: 0.02a | p = 0.575 | |||||
| Girls | Geometric mean (IQR): 1.49 (1.30, 1.72) | Not reported | Geometric mean (IQR): 1.46 (1.29, 1.66) | Not reported | Crude: 0.03a | p = 0.344 | |||||
| LDL cholesterol | All children | Geometric mean (IQR): | 316 | Geometric mean (IQR): | 4.518 | Crude: 0.05a | p = 0.288 | ||||
| 2.22 (1.90, 2.60) | 2.17 (1.90, 2.60) | Adjustedc: % difference: 1.8 | −1.2, 4.8 | ||||||||
| Boys | Geometric mean (IQR): 2.19 (1.80, 2.60) | Not reported | Geometric mean (IQR): 2.12 (1.80, 2.50) | Not reported | Crude: 0.07a | p = 0.166 | |||||
| Girls | Geometric mean (IQR): 2.25 (1.90, 2.60) | Not reported | Geometric mean (IQR): 2.23 (1.90, 2.60) | Not reported | Crude: 0.02a | p = 0.907 | |||||
| Triglycerides | |||||||||||
| 15 | 10 | Lawlor (2012) | 9–10 | Triglycerides | All children | Geometric mean (95% CI): 1.03 (1.00, 1.06) | 598 | Geometric mean (95% CI): 1.03 (1.01, 1.04) | 2.869 | Crude: not reported | Not reported |
| Adjusteda: ratio of geometric mean: 0.98 | 0.94, 1.04 | ||||||||||
| 39 | Fraser (2013) | 17 | Triglycerides | All children | Median (IQR): 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) | 431 | Median (IQR): 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) | 2.404 | Crude: not reported | p = 0.985 | |
| Adjustedb: per cent difference in means: –1.1 | −4.9, 2.9 | ||||||||||
| 16 | 40 | Miettola (2013) | 16 | Triglycerides | All children | Geometric mean (IQR): | 316 | Geometric mean (IQR): | 4.518 | Crude: −0.03a | p = 0.219 |
| 0.72 (0.55, 0.95) | 0.75 (0.57, 0.97) | Adjustedc: % difference: -4.0 | −8.6, 0.8 | ||||||||
| Boys | Geometric mean (IQR): 0.69 (0.50, 0.93) | Not reported | Geometric mean (IQR): 0.74 (0.55, 0.95) | Not reported | Crude: −0.05a | p = 0.109 | |||||
| Girls | Geometric mean (IQR): 0.76 (0.58, 0.99) | Not reported | Geometric mean (IQR): 0.77 (0.59, 0.98) | Not reported | Crude: −0.01a | p = 0.985 | |||||
| Glucose | |||||||||||
| 15 | 39 | Fraser (2013) | 17 | Glucose | All children | 5.0 (0.4) | 431 | 5.1 (0.6) | 2.404 | Crude: −0.1a | p = 0.25 |
| Adjustedb: –0.04 | −0.10, 0.02 | ||||||||||
| 16 | 40 | Miettola (2013) | 16 | Glucose | All children | Geometric mean (IQR): | 316 | Geometric mean (IQR): | 4.518 | Crude: 0a | p = 0.946 |
| 5.14 (4.90, 5.40) | 5.14 (4.90, 5.40) | Adjustedc: % difference: −0.1 | −1.2, 1.0 | ||||||||
| Boys | Geometric mean (IQR): 5.28 (5.05, 5.50) | Not reported | Geometric mean (IQR): 5.28 (5.00, 5.50) | Not reported | Crude: 0.00a | p = 0.998 | |||||
| Girls | Geometric mean (IQR): 4.99 (4.80, 5.20) | Not reported | Geometric mean (IQR): 5.02 (4.80, 5.30) | Not reported | Crude: −0.03a | p = 0.813 | |||||
a
Adjusted for offspring sex and age, body mass index (BMI), height and height-squared at outcome measurement; maternal age, nulliparity, smoking during pregnancy, prepregnancy BMI, education and head of household social class.
b
Adjusted for offspring sex and age; maternal age, parity, smoking during pregnancy, prepregnancy BMI and household social class.
c
Adjusted for offspring sex; nulliparity, maternal prepregnancy BMI and socioeconomic position.
PIH: pregnancy induced hypertension; CI: confidence interval; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; IQR: interquartile range