Table 4.
Studies on the association between preeclampsia and systolic blood pressure or diastolic blood pressure (mmHg).
| PE |
Normotensive pregnancy |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study number | Reference number | First author (year) | Age at outcome measurement (range in years) | (Sub)group | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean difference | 95% CI or p-valuea |
| Systolic blood pressure | ||||||||||
| 4 | 24 | Kvehaugen (2010) | 5–8 | All children | Median (25,75 pct): 100.0 (95.0, 105.0) | 23 | Median (25,75 pct): 100.0 (92.5, 103.0) | 17 | Median: 0b | p = 0.210 |
| 25 | Kvehaugen (2011) | 5–8 | All children | 99.8 (6.7) | 26 | 98.2 (5.7) | 15 | 1.6b | p = 0.4 | |
| 5 | 26 | Palti (1989) | 6 | All children | 101.3 (10.2) | 94 | 99.8 (9.5) | 94 | 1.5 | p = n.s. |
| Boys | 103.8 (9.9) | 45 | 99.8 (9.3) | 45 | 4.0 | p = 0.05 | ||||
| Girls | 99.1 (10.0) | 49 | 99.8 (9.8) | 49 | 0.7 | p = n.s. | ||||
| 14 | 36 | Belfort (2012) | 6.5 | All children | Not reported | 112 | Not reported | 582 | Crude: not reported | Not reported |
| Adjustedc: −0.7 | −2.4, 1.0 | |||||||||
| 7 | 28 | Langford (1980) | 7–11 | Boys | 100.9 (11.3) | 59 | 100.0 (12.6) | 164 | 0.9b | p = n.s |
| Girls | 103.3 (13.5) | 56 | 100.4 (12) | 134 | 2.9b | p = 0.08 | ||||
| 15 | 37 | Staley (2015) | 7 | All children | Not reported | 117 | Not reported | 5.295 | Crude: 1.45 | −0.39, 3.29 |
| Adjustedd: 1.22 | −0.52, 2.97 | |||||||||
| 38 | Geelhoed (2010) | 9 | All children | 104.5 (8.8) | 205 | 102.2 (9.1) | 5.345 | Crude: 2.36 | 1.09, 3.64 | |
| Adjustede: 2.05 | 0.72, 3.38 | |||||||||
| 10 | Lawlor (2012) | 10–11 | All children | 107 (11) | 143 | 104 (9) | 5.367 | Crude: not reported | Not reported | |
| Adjustedf: geometric mean: 1.82 | 0.03, 3.62 | |||||||||
| 39 | Fraser (2013) | 17 | All children | 120.2 (10.1) | 53 | 117.6 (40.4) | 2.404 | Crude: 2.6b | p = 0.03 | |
| Adjustedg: 1.12 | −0.89, 3.12 | |||||||||
| 9 | 30 | Øglaend (2009) | 11–12 | All children | 115.3 (9.8) | 181 | 113.5 (8.5) | 356 | Crude: 1.8 | 0.2, 3.5 |
| Adjusted: 0.4 | −1.2, 2.0 | |||||||||
| 10 | 31 | Tenhola (2003) | 12 | All children | 116.4 (95% CI 114.1, 118.7) | 59 | 113.2 (95% CI 110.9, 115.5) | 60 | 3.2b | Adjusted: p = 0.021 |
| 32 | Tenhola (2006) | 12 | All children | 116.8 | 57 | 113.0 | 57 | 3.8b | Not reported | |
| 11 | 33 | Jayet (2010) | 13–14 | All children | 108 (9) | 48 | 110 (11) | 90 | Crude: −2.00 | −5.41, 1.41 |
| 12 | 34 | Vatten (2003) | 13–19 | All children | 122.4 (95% CI 121.1, 123.8) | 220 | 119.5 (95% CI 119.2, 119.9) | 3.479 | 2.9b | Adjusted: p=<0.001 |
| 16 | 40 | Miettola (2013) | 16 | All children | Geometric mean: (IQR): 116 (108, 125) | 197 | Geometric mean: (IQR): 114 (106, 123) | 5.045 | Crude: 2b | p = 0.145 |
| Adjustedh: % difference: 0.7 | −0.8, 2.1 | |||||||||
| Boys | Geometric mean: (IQR): 121 (114, 131) | Not reported | Geometric mean: (IQR): 120 (113, 128) | Not reported | Crude: 1.0b | p = 0.496 | ||||
| Girls | Geometric mean: (IQR): 110 (104, 116) | Not reported | Geometric mean: (IQR): 109 (103, 117) | Not reported | Crude: 1.0b | p = 0.534 | ||||
| Diastolic blood pressure | ||||||||||
| 4 | 24 | Kvehaugen (2010) | 5–8 | All children | Median (25,75 pct): 60.0 (55.0, 65.0) | 23 | Median (25,75 pct): 60.0 (55.0, 60.0) | 17 | Median: 0b | p = 0.604 |
| 25 | Kvehaugen (2011) | 5–8 | All children | 60.0 (55.0 to 64.0) | 26 | 60.0 (55.0 to 60.0) | 17 | 0.0b | p = 0.7 | |
| 5 | 26 | Palti (1989) | 6 | All children | 66.2 (8.3) | 94 | 63.9 (8.0) | 94 | 2.3 | p = 0.03 |
| Boys | 68.3 (8.5) | 45 | 64.6 (7.8) | 45 | 3.6 | p = 0.04 | ||||
| Girls | 64.3 (7.8) | 49 | 63.2 (8.2) | 49 | 0.8 | p=n.s. | ||||
| 7 | 28 | Langford (1980) | 7–11 | Boys | 58.6 (16.5) | 59 | 58.4 (13.7) | 164 | 0.2b | p=n.s |
| Girls | 63.7 (12.5) | 56 | 57.9 (13.0) | 134 | 5.8b | p = 0.05 | ||||
| 15 | 37 | Staley (2015) | 7 | All children | Not reported | 117 | Not reported | 5.295 | Crude: 0.84 | −0.50, 2.18 |
| Adjustedd: 0.80 | −0.53, 2.13 | |||||||||
| 38 | Geelhoed (2010) | 9 | All children | 58.6 (6.6) | 205 | 57.2 (6.4) | 5.345 | Crude: 0.99 | 0.10, 1.89 | |
| Adjustede: 1.00 | −0.01, 2.01 | |||||||||
| 10 | Lawlor (2012) | 10–11 | All children | 62 (8) | 143 | 60 (8) | 5.367 | Crude: not reported | Not reported | |
| Adjustedf: geometric mean: 1.40 | −0.17, 2.98 | |||||||||
| 39 | Fraser (2013) | 17 | All children | 66.6 (7) | 53 | 64.5 (6.8) | 2.404 | Crude: 2.1b | p = 0.006 | |
| Adjustedg: 1.71 | 0.23, 3.17 | |||||||||
| 9 | 30 | Øglaend (2009) | 11–12 | All children | 66.4 (6.8) | 181 | 65.3 (7.0) | 356 | Crude: 1.0 | −0.2, 2.3 |
| Adjusted: 0.0 | −1.3, 1.4 | |||||||||
| 10 | 31 | Tenhola (2003) | 12 | All children | 73.9 (95% CI 72.1, 75.7) | 59 | 70.3 (95% CI 68.2, 72.4) | 60 | 3.6b | Adjusted: p = 0.022 |
| 32 | Tenhola (2006) | 12 | All children | 74.3 | 57 | 70.5 | 57 | 3.8b | Not reported | |
| 11 | 33 | Jayet (2010) | 13–14 | All children | 73 (7) | 48 | 73 (7) | 90 | Crude: 0.0 | −3.0 to 4.0 |
| 12 | 34 | Vatten (2003) | 13–19 | All children | 65.3 (95% CI 64.3, 66.3) | 220 | 63.6 (95% CI 63.4, 63.9) | 3.479 | 1.7b | Adjusted: p = 0.001 |
| 16 | 40 | Miettola (2013) | 16 | All children | Geometric mean (IQR): 68 (64, 74) | 197 | Geometric mean (IQR): 67 (62, 72) | 5.045 | Crude: 1b Adjustedh: % difference: 1.6 | p = 0.020 p=−0.01, 3.3 |
| Boys | Geometric mean (IQR): 69 (65, 74) | Not reported | Geometric mean (IQR): 68 (63, 73) | Not reported | Crude: 1.0b | p = 0.066 | ||||
| Girls | Geometric mean (IQR): 67 (62, 72) | Not reported | Geometric mean (IQR): 66 (62, 71) | Not reported | Crude: 1.0b | p = 0.347 | ||||
p=n.s., not statistically significant.
We calculated the mean difference if this was not reported by the authors.
Adjusted for offspring sex, height z-score, age, blood pressure measurement method, child behavioural state at outcome measurement; maternal age, maternal education, annual household income and ethnicity.
Adjusted for offspring sex, body mass index, height at outcome measurement; maternal age, prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), parity, smoking during pregnancy, education and head of household social class.
Adjusted for offspring sex, BMI, height, age at outcome measurement; and calcium supplement status during pregnancy.
Adjusted for offspring sex body mass index, height, height-squared, age and dietary sodium at outcome measurement; maternal age, prepregnancy BMI, nulliparity, smoking during pregnancy, education and head of household social class.
Adjusted for offspring sex and age; maternal age, prepregnancy BMI, parity, smoking during pregnancy and household social class.
Adjusted for offspring sex; nulliparity, maternal prepregnancy BMI and socioeconomic position.
PE: preeclampsia; pct: percentiles; CI: confidence interval; IQR: interquartile range