Table 5.
Studies on the association between preeclampsia and cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose (mmol/L).
| PE |
Normotensive pregnancy |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study number | Reference number | First author (year) | Age at outcome measurement (range in years) | Outcome | (Sub)group | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean difference | 95% CI or p-value |
| Cholesterol | |||||||||||
| 4 | 24 | Kvehaugen (2011) | 5–8 | Total cholesterol | All children | Median (IQR): 5.01 (4.44, 5.39) | 20 | Median (IQR): 4.43 (4.00, 5.00) | 14 | Median difference: 0.58a | p = 0.04 |
| HDL cholesterol | All children | 1.60 (0.31) | 1.41 (0.34) | 0.19a | p = 0.1 | ||||||
| LDL cholesterol | All children | Median (IQR): 1.81 (1.20, 2.42) | Median (IQR): 1.53 (1.12, 2.26) | Median difference: 0.28a | p = 0.3 | ||||||
| 15 | 10 | Lawlor (2012) | 9–10 | HDL cholesterol | All children | 1.37 (0.30) | 88 | 1.40 (0.31) | 3.369 | Crude: not reported | Not reported |
| Adjustedb: −0.03 | −0.11, 0.04 | ||||||||||
| Non-HDL cholesterol | All children | 2.87 (0.59) | 88 | 2.87 (0.65) | 3.369 | Crude: not reported | Not reported | ||||
| Adjustedb: −0.01 | −0.16, 0.14 | ||||||||||
| 15 | 39 | Fraser (2013) | 17 | Total cholesterol | All children | 3.6 (0.6) | 53 | 3.8 (0.7) | 2.404 | Crude: −0.2a | p = 0.19 |
| Adjustedc: −0.11 | −0.29, 0.07 | ||||||||||
| HDL cholesterol | All children | 1.2 (0.2) | 53 | 1.3 (0.3) | 2.404 | Crude: −0.1a | p = 0.17 | ||||
| Adjustedc: −0.03 | −0.11, 0.05 | ||||||||||
| LDL cholesterol | All children | 2.0 (0.6) | 53 | 2.1 (0.6) | 2.404 | Crude: −0.1a | p = 0.34 | ||||
| Adjustedc: −0.08 | −0.24, 0.08 | ||||||||||
| 8 | 29 | Alnes (2014) | 10–11 | Total cholesterol | Boys, mild preeclampsia | 4.45 (0.12) | Not reported | 4.35 (0.06) | 383 | Not reported | Boys, p = 0.29 for normotensive vs. all types of preeclampsia |
| Boys, moderate preeclampsia | 4.41 (0.15) | Not reported | |||||||||
| Boys, severe preeclampsia | 4.65 (0.15) | Not reported | |||||||||
| Girls, mild preeclampsia | 4.45 (0.13) | Not reported | 4.42 (0.05) | 383 | Not reported | Girls, p = 0.18 for normotensive vs. all types of preeclampsia | |||||
| Girls, moderate preeclampsia | 4.58 (0.09) | Not reported | |||||||||
| Girls, severe preeclampsia | 4.20 (0.15) | Not reported | |||||||||
| HDL cholesterol | Boys, mild preeclampsia | 1.70 (0.05) | Not reported | 1.74 (0.03) | 383 | Not reported | Boys, p = 0.26 for normotensive vs. all types of preeclampsia | ||||
| Boys, moderate preeclampsia | 1.66 (0.07) | Not reported | |||||||||
| Boys, severe preeclampsia | 1.84 (0.07) | Not reported | |||||||||
| Girls, mild preeclampsia | 1.57 (0.07) | Not reported | 1.64 (0.03) | 383 | Not reported | Girls, p = 0.40 for normotensive vs. all types of preeclampsia | |||||
| Girls, moderate preeclampsia | 1.69 (0.05) | Not reported | |||||||||
| Girls, severe preeclampsia | 1.71 (0.08) | Not reported | |||||||||
| Non-HDL cholesterol | Boys, mild preeclampsia | 2.76 (1.12) | Not reported | 2.60 (0.06) | 383 | Not reported | Boys, p = 0.31 for normotensive vs. all types of preeclampsia | ||||
| Boys, moderate preeclampsia | 2.77 (0.14) | Not reported | |||||||||
| Boys, severe preeclampsia | 2.81 (0.14) | Not reported | |||||||||
| Girls, mild preeclampsia | 2.88 (0.13) | Not reported | 2.78 (0.05) | 383 | Not reported | Girls, p = 0.11 for normotensive vs. all types of preeclampsia | |||||
| Girls, moderate preeclampsia | 2.89 (0.09) | Not reported | |||||||||
| Girls, severe preeclampsia | 2.49 (0.14) | Not reported | |||||||||
| 10 | 31 | Tenhola (2003) | 12 | Total cholesterol | All children | 4.54 (95% CI 4.32, 4.76) | 60 | 4.50 (95% CI 4.29, 4.71) | 60 | 0.04a | Adjusted: p = 0.618 |
| HDL cholesterol | All children | 1.31 (95% CI 1.24, 1.38) | 1.36 (95% CI 1.29, 1.43) | −0.05a | Adjusted: p = 0.468 | ||||||
| LDL cholesterol | All children | 2.82 (95% CI 2.63, 3.01) | 2.75 (95% CI 2.57, 2.93) | 0.07a | Adjusted: p = 0.342 | ||||||
| 16 | 40 | Miettola (2013) | 16 | Total cholesterol | All children | Geometric mean (IQR): | 174 | Geometric mean (IQR): | 4.518 | Crude: 0.01a | p = 0.979 |
| 4.19 (3.70, 4.70) | 4.18 (3.70, 4.70) | Adjustedd: % difference: 0.4 | −2.3, 3.3 | ||||||||
| Boys | Geometric mean (IQR): 4.01 (3.50, 4.40) | Not reported | Geometric mean (IQR): 4.02 (3.60, 4.50) | Not reported | Crude: −0.01a | p = 0.998 | |||||
| Girls | Geometric mean (IQR): 4.41 (3.85, 5.05) | Not reported | Geometric mean (IQR): 4.35 (3.90, 4.80) | Not reported | Crude: 0.06a | p = 0.755 | |||||
| HDL cholesterol | All children | Geometric mean (IQR): | 174 | Geometric mean (IQR): | 4.518 | Crude: −0.02a | p = 0.777 | ||||
| 1.36 (1.17, 1.62) | 1.38 (1.20, 1.59) | Adjustedd: % difference: -0.1 | −3.2, 3.1 | ||||||||
| Boys | Geometric mean (IQR): 1.27 (1.12, 1.47) | Not reported | Geometric mean (IQR): 1.29 (1.14, 1.48) | Not reported | Crude: −0.02a | p = 0.706 | |||||
| Girls | Geometric mean (IQR): 1.47 (1.25, 1.72) | Not reported | Geometric mean (IQR): 1.46 (1.29, 1.66) | Not reported | Crude: 0.01a | p = 0.942 | |||||
| LDL cholesterol | All children | Geometric mean (IQR): | 174 | Geometric mean (IQR): | 4.518 | Crude: 0.01a | p = 0.965 | ||||
| 2.18 (1.80, 2.60) | 2.17 (1.90, 2.60) | Adjustedd: % difference: 0.4 | −3.5, 4.4 | ||||||||
| Boys | Geometric mean (IQR): 2.12 (1.80, 2.50) | Not reported | Geometric mean (IQR): 2.12 (1.80, 2.50) | Not reported | Crude: 0.00a | p = 0.965 | |||||
| Girls | Geometric mean (IQR): 2.26 (1.95, 2.60) | Not reported | Geometric mean (IQR): 2.23 (1.90, 2.60) | Not reported | Crude: 0.03a | p = 0.895 | |||||
| Triglycerides | |||||||||||
| 4 | 25 | Kvehaugen (2011) | 5–8 | Triglycerides | All children | Median (IQR): 0.60 (0.53, 0.73) | 20 | Median (IQR): 0.58 (0.53, 0.82) | 14 | 0.02a | p = 0.9 |
| 15 | 10 | Lawlor (2012) | 9–10 | Triglycerides | All children | Geometric mean (95%CI): 0.99 (0.91, 1.09) | 70 | Geometric mean (95%CI): 1.03 (1.01, 1.04) | 2.869 | Crude: not reported Adjustedb: ratio of geometric mean: 0.96 | Not reported 0.85, 1.07 |
| 15 | 39 | Fraser (2013) | 17 | Triglycerides | All children | Median (IQR): 0.7 (0.6, 1.1) | 53 | Median (IQR): 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) | 2.404 | Crude: −0.1a | p = 0.56 |
| Adjustedc: % difference: −0.01 | −10.9, 10.8 | ||||||||||
| 10 | 31 | Tenhola (2003) | 12 | Triglycerides | All children | 0.90 (95%CI 0.80, 1.00) | 60 | 0.86 (95%CI 0.78, 0.94) | 60 | 0.04a | p = 0.617 |
| 16 | 40 | Miettola (2013) | 16 | Triglycerides | All children | Geometric mean (IQR): | 174 | Geometric mean (IQR): | 4.518 | Crude: 0.0a | p = 0.997 |
| 0.75 (0.56, 1.02) | 0.75 (0.57, 0.97) | Adjustedd: % difference: −0.2 | −6.5, 6.6 | ||||||||
| Boys | Geometric mean (IQR): 0.76 (0.57, 0.99) | Not reported | Geometric mean (IQR): 0.74 (0.55, 0.95) | Not reported | Crude: 0.02a | p = 0.809 | |||||
| Girls | Geometric mean (IQR): 0.74 (0.56, 1.05) | Not reported | Geometric mean (IQR): 0.77 (0.59, 0.98) | Not reported | Crude: −0.03a | p = 0.739 | |||||
| Glucose | |||||||||||
| 8 | 29 | Alnes (2014) | 10–11 | Glucose | Boys, mild preeclampsia | 4.88 (0.05) | Not reported | 4.88 (0.03) | 383 | Not reported | Boys, p = 0.51 for normotensive vs. all types of preeclampsia |
| Boys, moderate preeclampsia | 4.92 (0.06) | Not reported | |||||||||
| Boys, severe preeclampsia | 4.79 (0.06) | Not reported | |||||||||
| Girls, mild preeclampsia | 4.81 (0.07) | Not reported | 4.74 (0.03) | 383 | Not reported | Girls, p = 0.45 for normotensive vs. all types of preeclampsia | |||||
| Girls, moderate preeclampsia | 4.83 (0.05) | Not reported | |||||||||
| Girls, severe preeclampsia | 4.76 (0.08) | Not reported | |||||||||
| 10 | 31 | Tenhola (2003) | 12 | Glucose | All children | 4.3 (95% CI 4.2, 4.4) | 60 | 4.4 (95% CI 4.3, 4.5) | 60 | −0.1a | p = 0.371 |
| 16 | 40 | Miettola (2013) | 16 | Glucose | All children | Geometric mean (IQR): | 174 | Geometric mean (IQR): | 4.518 | Crude: 0.0a | p = 0.993 |
| 5.14 (4.90, 5.50) | 5.14 (4.90, 5.40) | Adjustedd: % difference: −0.3 | −1.8, 1.2 | ||||||||
| Boys | Geometric mean (IQR): 5.31 (5.10, 5.60) | Not reported | Geometric mean (IQR): 5.28 (5.00, 5.50) | Not reported | 0.03a | p = 0.793 | |||||
| Girls | Geometric mean (IQR): 4.95 (4.80, 5.30) | Not reported | Geometric mean (IQR): 5.02 (4.80, 5.30) | Not reported | −0.07a | p = 0.509 | |||||
| 15 | 39 | Fraser (2013) | 17 | Glucose | All children | 5.1 (0.4) | 53 | 5.1 (0.6) | 2.404 | Crude: 0.0a | p = 0.65 |
| Adjustedc: 0.001 | −0.15, 0.16 | ||||||||||
a
We calculated the mean difference if this was not reported by the authors.
b
Adjusted for offspring sex, body mass index, height, height-squared, and age at outcome measurement; maternal age, prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), nulliparity, smoking during pregnancy, education and head of household social class.
c
Adjusted for offspring sex and age; maternal age, prepregnancy BMI, parity, smoking during pregnancy and household social class.
d
Adjusted for offspring sex; nulliparity, maternal prepregnancy BMI and socioeconomic position.
PE: preeclampsia; CI: confidence interval; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; IQR: interquartile range