Fig. 3.
The filament tilt determines the shape and sign of the membrane deformation. Overview of the two-state model, providing examples for different outcomes. a In the flat state, the target geometry is a planar ring with the membrane attraction sites facing downwards (τ=0∘) and the filament is observed as a flat spiral. By internally rotating the target geometry ring, we enter the tilted state in which tubules develop for τ=90∘, cones for 0∘<τ<90∘, everted cones for τ<0∘, and everted tubules for τ=−90∘. b The buckle depth dependence on the target radius R and the angle τ of the tilted state. Each simulation started off with the same initial spiral in the flat state with persistence length lp=1.8·103 nm. c The buckle depth dependence on the target radius R and the persistence length lp of the tilted state (τ=60∘). Each simulation started off with the same initial spiral in flat state. The insets show snapshots of the representative cases