Table 2.
Descriptive statistics of HRQOL and covariates at 4 waves
| Wave 1 (N = 6182) |
Wave 2 (N = 4268) |
Wave 3 (N = 3424) |
Wave 4 (N = 2407) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCS scorea | 53.0 ± 7.3 | 53.6 ± 6.8 | 53.4 ± 7.1 | 53.2 ± 7.1 |
| MCS scorea | 49.7 ± 8.8 | 50.6 ± 8.3 | 50.9 ± 8.3 | 52.2 ± 8.1 |
| Time-constant covariates | ||||
| Gender (female)e | 54.7% | |||
| Age (years)a | 53.5 ± 13.1 | |||
| 30–64 years old | 80.2% | |||
| ≧65 years old | 19.8% | |||
| Education (years)a | 10.1 ± 4.7 | |||
| Time-varying covariates | ||||
| Time (years)a,b | 0 ± 0 | 2.1 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 0.5 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Living with the spouse | 89.0% | 89.4% | 87.6% | 87.6% |
| Living alone | 11.0% | 10.6% | 12.4% | 12.4% |
| Tobacco smoking (yes) | 18.0% | 14.0% | 11.4% | 11.0% |
| Betel-nut chewing (yes) | 3.2% | 2.0% | 1.4% | 1.0% |
| Psychiatric disorder (CHQ-12≧4)e | 26.3% | 21.6% | 18.9% | 17.2% |
| # of chronic diseasesa,c | 1.6 ± 1.4 | 1.7 ± 1.5 | 2.0 ± 1.5 | 2.0 ± 1.5 |
| # of Medicationsa,d | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.4 |
| Regular exercise status | ||||
| No exercise | 36.9% | 35.5% | 38.4% | 36.7% |
| Irregular exercise | 40.0% | 41.7% | 37.8% | 35.3% |
| <150 min | 10.4% | 10.0% | 9.6% | 9.5% |
| 150–299 min | 5.7% | 5.9% | 6.8% | 8.1% |
| ≧300 min | 7.0% | 6.9% | 7.3% | 10.3% |
Abbreviations: HRQOL Health-related quality of life, PCS Physical component summary, MCS Mental component summary, CHQ-12 12-item Chinese Health Questionnaire, T2DM Type 2 Diabetes mellitus
aMean ± SD (standard deviation)
bTime interval between two adjacent waves
cSelf-reported and/or diagnosed chronic diseases, including T2DM, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, kidney disease, cardiac disease, stroke, hepatic disease, gout, osteoporosis, asthma, psychiatric disease, nerve-related disease, intestinal disease, Tuberculosis, and metabolic syndrome
d4 pills, including refreshing drugs, sleeping pills, sedative medicine, and painkiller
eThe reference group: gender (male), psychiatric disorder (CHQ-12 = 0–3)