Fig. 5.

Inflammatory marker TNF-α–, iNOS-, IL-2–, and IL-6–specific mRNA results showing transcript expression in the SN region of rat brain after treating rats with only saline, only LPS, CSA-NE + LPS, and CSA-S + LPS. There was a significant decrease in TNF-α expression after treatment with NE-SA (positively charged nanoemulsion) compared with LPS alone. Saline-treated rats were used as negative controls and LPS-treated rats were used as positive controls (*P < 0.05). The values are reported as the mean ± S.E.M. (n = 5). Statistical analysis was performed using a Student’s t test for the comparison of various groups.