Som-TSC1-KO mice show enhanced spatial learning and long-term reference memory. A, Diagram of the spatial learning protocol in the Barnes maze. B, Left to right, Representative paths traveled by Som-TSC1-WT (left) and Som-TSC1-KO (right) mice during the first and last (16th) acquisition trials, as well as during the primary search and total search of the probe test. C, Learning curves for Som-TSC1-WT and Som-TSC1-KO mice during the training session. D, Memory performance during the primary search of the probe test. E, Number of visits to all escape holes (left) and selective search ratio (right) during the total search of the probe test. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.