Fig. 1.

(a) PCA with worldwide sample locations (inset map). (b) f4-statistics under the test relationship f4(P. praefalciparum, Ebro-1944, X, Democratic Republic of Congo), where X iterates through the geographical sampling locations of our included modern P. falciparum strains. A more negative f4 value indicates a closer relationship of Ebro-1944 to X relative to strains sampled from the Democratic Republic of Congo. (c) Z-scores under the test relationship f4(P. praefalciparum, Ebro-1944, X, Colombia) assessed through block jack-knife resampling. All possible f4 topologies were tested (Fig. S4), with Ebro-1944 showing a consistent closer affinity to strains sampled from central south Asia.