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. 2019 Oct 3;6(6):e622. doi: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000622

Figure 2. Vitamin D enhances intracellular IFN-β responses in therapy-naive MS and HCs.

Figure 2

(A) p-Y-STAT1, measured with flow cytometry, is generated in all groups, but there is less induction in SPMS than in HC. (B) MxA protein, measured with Western blots. The trend for enhanced responses in PPMS vs HC was not significant (p < 0.13, unpaired t test). ConA-activated MNCs were incubated in vitro with 160 U/mL IFN-β-1b for 30 minutes to 48 hours ± preincubation with 200 nM vitamin D3 (calcitriol) for 12 hours. Fold change of vitamin D plus IFN-β compared with IFN-β alone, determined using VDSI: [(IFN + VitD) − (VitD)]/[(IFN) − (no IFN)]; average with p values above SEM bar: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Comparisons between groups use unpaired t tests, brackets. PPMS = primary progressive MS; RRMS-a = active relapsing/remitting MS; RRMS-s = stable RRMS; SPMS = secondary progressive MS.