Figure 5. Vitamin D and IFN-β effects on p-Y-STAT1 induction in lymphocytes (A) and monocytes (B).

Vitamin D plus IFN-β (blue line) in most therapy-naive groups had a greater effect than IFN-β alone (yellow line) on activation of STAT1 in ConA-activated lymphocytes and monocytes. Values in radar plot represent median fold change in log₂ scale expression of p-Y-STAT1 measured by flow cytometry. Blue line: (IFN+ VitD) − (Vit D); yellow: (IFN)-(media alone). IFN-β = interferon-β; RRMS-a = active relapsing/remitting MS; RRMS-s = stable RRMS; SPMS = secondary progressive MS.