Fig. 3.

Hydrostatic pressure regulated cell behaviors in vitro: (a) neuron viability varies with HP of 40 kPa and application of 25 μM hemoglobin (Hb) [43], as does (b) lactate dehydrogenase release by neurons [43] and (c) bioluminescence indicating ATP release [80]. (d) Apoptosis of retina ganglion precursor-like cells is affected by HP [17], as is the chemiluminescence intensity of cytochrome C [17] (e) and Drp-1 [81] (f) in the cytosol and mitochondria of retina cells. (g) In blood vessel endothelial cells, proliferation increases with HP [33], while (h) they become less round (lower shape index) and more tortuous [33] and (i) VE-cadherin expression decreases [33]. (j) In the bladder, proliferation of smooth muscle cells increases with sufficient HP [16], and (k) expression of $\alpha 5$-integrin is elevated at HP of 200 mmH₂O (2 kPa) [82], while (l) SGK1 but not protein kinase B (AKT) mRNA levels increase with HP above this level [58]. (m) In articular cartilage, chondrocyte viability decreases with both the magnitude and duration of HP [19], but (n) expression of the transcription factor SOX9 increases with sufficient HP exposure [37] and time-dependent variation of GRP78 protein expression in chondrocytes induced by HP [19]. Images (c, j, k, l, g, h, i, m, o, n) reproduced, with permission, from Refs. [80], [16], [58], [33], [19], and [37].