Skip to main content
. 2019 Aug 23;3(9):e10201. doi: 10.1002/jbm4.10201

Figure 1.

Figure 1

PPA stimulates in vitro osteoblastic cell differentiation but suppresses adipogenesis. (A) Structure of PPA we identified in serum of BB‐fed rats. (B) PPA stimulated the osteoblast differentiation evaluated by ALP staining after 10 days of cultures of ST2 cells; 1 × represents concentration found in serum of BB diet animals. (C) Intensity of ALP positive colonies per well. (D, E) PPA increased osteoblastic cell differentiation markers Col‐1 and OPN. (F) PPA suppressed adipogenesis evaluated by Oil Red‐O staining of ST2 cells after 6 days treatments with different doses of PPA (triplicates) in the presence of adipogenic medium, and inhibited adipocyte‐like cell differentiation. (G) Intensity of Oil Red‐O–stained adipocyte‐like cells per well. mRNA expression of genes adipsin (H) and CEBPα (I) after 1 day of treatment. Data are expressed as mean ± SE from triplicates of cell treatments (n = 3/group). Gene expression was relative to housekeeping gene GAPDH. Significant differences indicated by p < 0.05, *compared to control vehicle treatment. PPA = 3‐(3‐hydroxyphenyl)‐propionic acid; ALP = alkaline phosphatase; Col‐1 = collagen‐1; OPN = osteopontin; CEBPα = CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha; OB = osteogenic media; AD = adipogenic media.