Table 1. Characteristics of the included trials.
| Study | Included criteria | Age: | Participants (%females) | Intervention | Follow up | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regimens and routes | Barre method | |||||
| Maizel 1996 [19] | Age > 18 years; migraine with or without aura (IHS criteria); at least moderate intensity | I: 43 (34–50) * C: 40 (31–47) * |
I: 53 (87%) C: 28 (75%) |
I: 0.5 mL of 4% lidocaine C: saline |
Yes | 24 hours |
| Maizel 1999 [7] | Age, 18–65 years; migraine with or without aura (IHS criteria); migraine frequency 1–6 times per month; | I: 44.5 (9.1) C: 47.1 (10.2) |
I: 66 (83%) C: 65 (88%) |
I: 0.5 mL of 4% lidocaine C: saline |
Yes | 1 month |
| Mohammadkarimi 2014 [13] | Age ≧14 years; primary headache (IHS criteria; migraine, tension, and cluster); secondary headaches | I: 33.5 (13.3) C: 37.2 (14.6) |
Participant in total: 90 (58%) | I: one puff of 10% lidocaine into each nostril C: saline |
NR | 30 mins |
| Blanda 2001 [8] | Age, 18–50 years; migraine with or without aura (IHS criteria) | NR | I: 27 (85%) C: 22 (86%) |
I: 2 mL 4% lidocaine + IV 10 mg prochlorperazine C: saline + IV 10 mg prochlorperazine |
Yes | 24 hours |
| Avcu 2017 [11] | Age >18 years; migraine (IHS criteria) | I: 36.0 (12.0) C: 35.0 (11.0) |
I: 81 (69%) C: 81 (85%) |
I: 10% lidocaine + IV 10 mg metoclopramide C: saline + IV 10 mg metoclopramide |
Yes | 24–72 hours |
| Barzegari 2017 [12] | Age, 15–55 years; primary headache (met IHS criteria; migraine: 32%, tension headache: 22%, cluster headache: 46%) | I: 33 (8.5) C: 29.6 (8.6) |
I: 50 (56%) C: 50 (52%) |
I: 1 ml intranasal lidocaine 2% + IV 7.5 mg chlorpromazine C: saline + IV 7.5 mg chlorpromazine |
NR | 1 hour |
C, control; ED, emergency department; I, intervention; IHS, international headache society; IV, intravenous; NR, not reported
*, median (IQR).