Table 3. Summary of findings for safety outcome.

Intervention	Reference	Findings
Lidocaine vs. placebo	Maizels et al. [19]	1. Adverse effects were limited to local symptoms of burning or numbness in the nose or in and around the eye. 2. The use of intranasal lidocaine often caused an unpleasant taste, numbness in the throat and a sensation of gagging.
	Mohammadkarimi et al. [13]	Not mentioned
	Maizels et al. [7]	1. Adverse effects were limited to a local irritation (burning, stinging, numbness) of the nose or eye (n = 101/203); unpleasant taste, gagging, and numbness of the throat (n = 16/203); and nausea (n = 13/203). 2. No severe adverse effect.
Lidocaine + antiemetics vs normal saline + antiemetics	Blanda et al. [8]	1. There was no adverse reaction to the administration of nasal lidocaine. 2. Physicians administered diphenhydramine for akathisia in six of 27 from the lidocaine group and four of 22 from the placebo group cases 3. No dystonic events were recorded.
	Barzegari et al.[12]	Not mentioned
	Avcu et al.[11]	1. 40 patients in lidocaine group (49.4%) reported a transient irritation in their noses, whereas 9 in the saline solution group (11.1%) experienced it. 2. No serious adverse events, including anaphylaxis, akathisia, dystonia, and seizure, were reported in either group.