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. 2019 Oct 23;10:4814. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-12736-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 10 — Impaired sensory coding by neural ensembles in a model of Fmr1-KO layer 4 network. a Network-wide representation of an extra oddball stimulus inserted into a regular stimulus train (orange tick, single trial example) by firing changes. Circle sizes: fraction of neurons at each coordinate. Insets: simulated V_membrane of representative neurons for regular (black) and oddball (orange) trials. Fmr1^+/Y model neurons typically increased firing rates on the oddball trial, but Fmr1^−/Y neurons only weakly represented the presence of the oddball stimulus by change in firing rate (bulk of points on diagonal). b Different coding schemes underlie representation of sensory input details for simulated Fmr1^+/Y and Fmr1^−/Y networks. Fmr1^+/Y neurons typically increased their firing rate and advanced their first spike in response to an extra oddball stimulus. Fmr1^−/Y neurons showed inflexibility in their spike rate but a bidirectional change in first spike time. Size of points denotes mean spike train dissimilarity for each neuron (van Rossum distance between spike trains on regular and oddball trials). c Population histogram of spike train encoding of oddball vs. regular input patterns. Population average oddball sensitivity of individual cells was reduced in the Fmr1^−/Y network model (Kolmogorov–Smirnov test). d Classification of input pattern from the spike trains of cell ensembles in the layer 4 model, analogous to readout of input to layer 4 by layer 2/3 neurons. Schematic illustration of random sampling of neurons from the layer 4 network model for input to a linear classifier. e Impaired coding of input detail by ensembles of SCs neurons in the Fmr1^−/Y model. Mean leave-one-out decoder cross-validation error for Fmr1^+/Y and Fmr1^−/Y networks for randomly drawn ensembles of varying sizes between 10 and 500 neurons. At 20 Hz input frequency, ensembles comprised of 10 or 20 Fmr1^−/Y neurons performed significantly worse than Fmr1^+/Y ensembles (t-test, p < 0.05), and no better than chance at 20 and 50 Hz (t-test vs. responses with permuted stimulus labels, p > 0.05). All Fmr1^+/Y ensemble sizes performed better than chance at both frequencies. At 50 Hz, all Fmr1^−/Y ensemble sizes performed worse than corresponding Fmr1^+/Y ensembles (t-test, p < 0.05)