Table 1.
Participant Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
| SZ (n = 201) | BD (n = 46) | CN (n =27) | Test statistic, P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age | 41.59 (12.07) | 38.89 (12.69) | 36.67 (15.26) | F(2, 273) = 2.39, .09 |
| Parent education | 13.20 (2.71) | 13.52 (2.50) | 13.58 (2.58) | F(2, 249) = 0.42, .66 |
| % Male (n) | 72.6 | 37.0 | 48.1 | χ2 = 24.12, <.001 |
| Race % (n) | χ2 = 41.97, <.001 | |||
| Caucasian | 60.7 | 78.3 | 48.1 | |
| African American | 31.8 | 6.5 | 25.9 | |
| American Indian | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Asian | 1.5 | 2.2 | 3.7 | |
| Hispanic/Latino | 0.5 | 6.5 | 7.4 | |
| Mixed-race | 4.5 | 6.5 | 7.4 | |
| Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 0 | 0 | 7.4 | |
| BNSS Item Severity Scores | ||||
| 1. Intensity of pleasurable activities | 1.68 (1.61) | 1.15 (1.48) | 0.19 (0.56) | F(2, 273) = 12.54, <.001 |
| 2. Frequency of pleasurable activities | 2.28 (1.69) | 1.54 (1.72) | 0.26 (0.76) | F(2, 273) = 20.12, <.001 |
| 3. Intensity of future pleasure | 1.01 (1.54) | 0.89 (1.43) | 0.19 (0.48) | F(2, 273) = 3.82, <.02 |
| 4. Lack of normal distress | 0.79 (1.62) | 0.35 (0.74) | 0.00 (0.00) | F(2, 273) = 4.84, < .01 |
| 5. Asociality behavior | 2.20 (1.73) | 1.65 (1.91) | 0.56 (1.16) | F(2, 273) = 11.77, <.001 |
| 6. Asociality internal experience | 1.66 (1.72) | 1.27 (1.50) | 0.19 (0.56) | F(2, 272) = 10.36, <.001 |
| 7. Avolition behavior | 2.40 (1.80) | 1.30 (1.62) | 0.19 (0.48) | F(2, 273) = 25.37, <.001 |
| 8. Avolition internal experience | 2.13 (1.84) | 1.24 (1.65) | 0.04 (0.19) | F(2, 272) = 20.40, < .001 |
| 9. Facial expression | 2.28 (1.79) | 0.89 (1.32) | 0.26 (0.66) | F(2, 272) = 27.44, <.001 |
| 10. Vocal expression | 1.88 (1.93) | 0.89 (1.37) | 0.19 (0.62) | F(2, 273) = 14.92, <.001 |
| 11. Body gestures | 1.99 (1.83) | 0.74 (1.16) | 0.19 (0.62) | F(2, 273) = 21.77, <.001 |
| 12. Quantity of speech | 1.08 (1.56) | 0.30 (0.84) | 0.07 (0.27) | F(2, 273) = 10.52, <.001 |
| 13. Spontaneous elaboration | 1.26 (1.67) | 0.30 (0.87) | 0.11 (0.42) | F(2, 273) = 12.98, <.001 |
Note: Eighty-nine percent of the schizophrenia sample was prescribed an antipsychotic medication (5% first generation, 75% second generation, 9% both, 11% stably unmedicated). BD, bipolar disorder; SZ, schizophrenia, CN, healthy controls; BNSS, Brief Negative Symptom Scale.