. 2019 Sep 12;10:196–206. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.09.002

Table 4.

Model selection and drivers of parasite infection status detected in faecal samples from three wolf populations in PNALM (2006–2007), PNM (2006–2007), and YNP (2007–2009). All models (see Table 2 for all tested covariates) were fitted with a random intercept for pack identity nested within the study area. Only candidate models with ΔAICc <10 are shown. We used candidate models with ΔAICc ≤2 for model coefficient averaging. R²: Nagelkerke Pseudo-R² (selected models only); K: number of estimable parameters; AICc: Akaike information criterion adjusted for small sample sizes; ΔAICc = (AICc) – (AICc)min; w: Akaike weight.

a) Effects on infection status for all parasites.
Fixed-effects parameters	R²	K	log-likelihood	AICc	ΔAICc	w
Free-ranging dogs + Diet	0.258	3	−155.7136	321.427	–	1

Fixed-effect parameters	β	SE	95% confidence interval
Fixed-effect parameters	β	SE	lower	upper
Intercept	1.498	0.190	1.126	1.869
Free-ranging dogs ^a	3.005	0.441	2.141	3.869
Diet ^b	−2.448	0.343	−3.120	−1.777

b) Effects on parasite taxa for all parasites.
Fixed-effects parameters	R²	K	log-likelihood	AICc	ΔAICc	w
Wolf Density	0.233	2	−404.050	816.100	–	0.598
Free-ranging dogs + Diet	0.230	3	−403.447	816.894	0.794	0.401

Fixed-effect parameters	Β	SE	95% confidence interval
Fixed-effect parameters	Β	SE	lower	upper
(intercept)	−0.950	0.969	−2.85	0.949
Wolf density	0.040	0.007	0.026	0.054
Free-ranging dog ^a	1.628	0.275	1.090	2.167
Diet ^b	−1.437	0.274	−1.974	−0.899

c) Effects on parasite taxa for directly transmitted parasites
Fixed-effects parameters	R²	K	log-likelihood	AICc	ΔAICc	w
Free-ranging dogs + Pack size	0.727	3	−193.783	397.565	0	0.698
Pack size + Park	0.703	4	−193.622	399.244	1.678	0.302

Fixed-effect parameters	β	SE	95% confidence interval
Fixed-effect parameters	β	SE	lower	upper
(intercept)	−4.299	2.119	−8.452	−0.146
Free-ranging dogs ^a	4.348	0.717	2.942	5.754
Pack size	0.259	0.081	0.100	0.419
YNP ^c	−4.732	1.010	−6.712	−2.752
PNM ^c	−3.850	1.020	−5.849	−1.850

d) Effects on parasite taxa for indirectly transmitted parasites
Fixed-effects parameters	R²	K	log-likelihood	AICc	ΔAICc	w
Diet	0.274	2	−341.839	691.678	0	0.685
Park	0.275	3	−341.615	693.230	1.552	0.315

Fixed-effect parameters	β	SE	95% confidence interval
Fixed-effect parameters	β	SE	lower	upper
(intercept)	−0.213	0.588	−1.366	0.940
Diet ^b	−1.326	0.161	−1.642	−1.010
PNM ^c	−0.202	0.305	−0.799	0.396
YNP ^c	1.249	0.195	0.866	1.631

Reference: Free-ranging dogs absent.

Reference: Specific diet.

Reference: PNALM (Italy).