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. 2019 Oct 17;10:726. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00726

Table 2.

Opioid use disorder characteristics of the sample (n = 263).

% or Mean (SD)
Before OST Initiation
Stages of OUD (age, y)
  First experimentation 20.4 (5.1)
  Onset of dependence 22.9 (5.7)
  First attempt to stop 26.0 (6.0)
Opioid mainly used
  Heroin 90%
  Codeine 4%
  Buprenorphine 3%
  Morphine 2%
  Varying 1%
Main route of administration
  Nasal 60%
  Intravenous 23%
  Inhaled 11%
  Oral 4%
  Varying 1%
OUD negative consequences
  Financial 71%
  Socioaffective 70%
  Psychiatric 69%
  Professional 55%
  Judicial 48%
  Somatic 33%
Type of first attempt to stop
  OST initiation 57%
  Withdrawal 42%
Since OST Initiation
Current OST
  Methadone 68%
  Buprenorphine 32%
 OST initiation with daily supervised dosing 80%
 Current daily dose (mg/day)
  Methadone 57.4 (32.7)
  Buprenorphine 7.4 (5.5)
Maximal daily dose (mg/day)
  Methadone 84.6 (36.3)
  Buprenorphine 11.0 (5.7)
OST length (mo) 51.0 (4.3)
Poor compliance 7%
Presence of opioid withdrawal symptoms 17%
Current opioid abstinence (excluding OST) 75%

OST, opioid substitution therapy; OUD, opioid use disorder.