Table 3.

Multivariable Model of Risk Factors to Predict Impaired Health-related Quality of Life Based on Infant and Toddler Quality of Life Questionnaire-97 Growth and Development Score in Patients with Normal Functional Status at Baseline (n = 271)^*

Variable	No. Patients [n (%)]	OR (95% CI)†	P Value
Factors present at hospital admission
Sociodemographic factors and preexisting health status
Age at ITQOL			0.71
<1 yr	127 (47)	1.0
1 to <6 yr	144 (53)	1.12 (0.62–2.00)
Features of the presenting acute illness
PRISM III-12 score (1-point increase)	5 (1–8)‡	1.01 (0.96–1.05)	0.80
Hospital course variables
Methadone	57 (21)	2.27 (1.18–4.36)	0.01
Inadequate pain management§	40 (15)	2.94 (1.39–6.19)	0.005

Definition of abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; ITQOL = Infant and Toddler Quality of Life Questionnaire, from patients <2 years old or 2–6 years old with substantial developmental impairment; OR = odds ratio; PRISM III-12 = Pediatric Risk of Mortality III score from the first 12 hours in the pediatric ICU.

^*Area under the curve = 0.594.

^†OR > 1 indicates higher risk of impaired health-related qualify of life. ORs were calculated using logistic regression accounting for pediatric ICU as a cluster variable using generalized estimating equations.

^‡Median (interquartile range).

^§Inadequate pain management was defined as pain score >4 (or pain assumed present if receiving neuromuscular blockade) for 2 consecutive hours.