Table 1.
Main Characteristics of the Study Participants (N = 15,442) and Results of the Analysis of the Relation between Sleep Duration and Asthma (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2012)
| Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Control Subjects (n = 14,125)* | Current Asthma* (n = 1,317) | Unadjusted Analysis | Adjusted Analysis |
| Sleep duration/night, h | 6.9 ± 0.02 | 6.6 ± 0.06† | ||
| 6–8 h | 11,061 (81.2) | 867 (69.9)† | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| ≤5 h | 2,133 (12.7) | 348 (23.0) | 2.10 (1.78–2.48)† | 1.73 (1.32–2.27)† |
| ≥9 h | 931 (6.1) | 102 (7.2) | 1.37 (1.07–1.76)‡ | 1.02 (0.74–1.41) |
| Age, yr | 45.7 ± 0.4 | 46.0 ± 0.6 | — | 0.99 (0.98–0.996)† |
| Male sex | 7,107 (49.9) | 476 (36.0)† | — | 0.61 (0.48–0.77)† |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 5,785 (66.6) | 627 (70.3)† | — | 1.0 |
| Mexican American | 2,447 (9.1) | 92 (3.8) | — | 0.57 (0.41–0.79)† |
| Other Hispanic | 1,538 (5.6) | 149 (5.6) | — | 0.79 (0.57–1.09) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 3,053 (11.3) | 351 (14.6) | — | 0.93 (0.73–1.19) |
| Other | 1,302 (7.3) | 98 (5.7) | — | 0.99 (0.68–1.46) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married/living together | 8,592 (64.9) | 671 (56.2)† | — | 1.0 |
| Divorced/separated | 2,031 (12.7) | 252 (16.1) | — | 0.99 (0.71–1.37) |
| Widowed/single | 3,490 (22.4) | 394 (27.6) | — | 1.15 (0.92–1.44) |
| Annual household income ≥ $20,000 | 10,511 (85.6) | 822 (75.5)† | — | 1.41 (1.09–1.82)‡ |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never/former smokers | 11,046 (78.9) | 932 (72.9)† | — | 1.0 |
| Current smokers | 3,067 (21.1) | 385 (27.1) | — | 0.93 (0.67–1.29) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.6 ± 0.1 | 30.9 ± 0.3† | — | 1.03 (1.02–1.04)† |
| Serum cotinine level, ng/ml | 57.9 ± 2.8 | 72.3 ± 6.0‡ | — | 1.00 (0.999–1.001) |
| Family history of asthma | 2,294 (16.4) | 577 (43.6)† | — | 2.89 (2.39–3.51)† |
| Use of oral or inhaled steroid in past 2 d | 210 (1.9) | 373 (37.2)† | — | 28.68 (21.04–39.10)† |
| Depression severity (PHQ-9 score) | 2.9 ± 0.17 | 4.9 ± 0.21† | — | 1.04 (1.01–1.07)† |
| FEV1% predicted | 98.0 ± 0.3 | 88.7 ± 0.8† | — | — |
| FVC% predicted | 101.6 ± 0.2 | 97.2 ± 0.8† | — | — |
| FEV1% predicted/FVC | 96.1 ± 0.2 | 90.6 ± 0.5† | — | — |
| FeNO, ppb | 16.8 ± 0.2 | 22.8 ± 0.9† | — | — |
| Bronchodilator response | 5.6 ± 0.2 | 10.1 ± 0.9† | — | — |
Definition of abbreviations: FeNO = fractional exhaled nitric oxide; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire-9.
*
Values are presented as number (%) or mean ± SD. Numbers may vary owing to missing data.
†
P < 0.01.
‡
P < 0.05.