Effect of salidroside on TNF-α-induced VCAM-1 expression in CMECs. (A) Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis of VCAM-1 in CMECs treated with 10 ng/ml TNF-α for 12 h, after treatment with the indicated concentrations of salidroside for 12 h. (B) Western blot analysis of VCAM-1 in CMECs treated with 10 ng/ml TNF-α for 12 h after treatment with the indicated concentrations of salidroside for 12 h. (C) CMECs pretreated with 100 µM salidroside for 12 h were stimulated with TNF-α for a further 12 h. VCAM-1 (green) was detected by immunofluorescence using an anti-VCAM-1 antibody and the nuclei were stained with DAPI (magnification, ×200). Values are shown as the mean ± standard from three independent experiments. ##P<0.01 vs. the control group; *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 vs. the TNF-α-only group. CMECs, cardiac microvascular endothelial cells; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α.