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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Oct 15.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2019 Oct 15;12(10):e005586. doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.005586

Figure 1. Continuum of Clinical and Translational Research.

Figure 1.

The 4 steps involved in the translation of fundamental discovery science into clinical and public health impact in real-world settings. T1, the first translational step—bench to bedside or animal studies to humans; T2, the second translational step—translating science discovery to patients with specific diseases; T3, the third translational step—translating clinical insights to service delivery in clinical practices; T4, the fourth translational step—translating effective interventions to real-world settings. Reproduced from Mensah, GA. A new global heart series-perspectives from the NHLBI. Glob Heart. 2013;8:283–284.