Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants in NHANES 1988-2014 according to weight change patterns from age 25 years to baseline*. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise
| Characteristics† | Total | Weight change patterns from age 25 years to baseline | P value‡ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stable normal | Maximum overweight | Obese to non-obese | Non-obese to obese | Stable obese | |||
| Participants | 33 780 | 8529 (29.1) | 12 955 (37.7) | 590 (1.4) | 9956 (26.9) | 1750 (4.9) | - |
| Mean (95% CI) age, years | 57.1 (56.7 to 57.5) | 56.8 (56.2 to 57.4) | 57.8 (57.4 to 58.3) | 59.9 (58.3 to 61.5) | 56.9 (56.5 to 57.3) | 53.5 (52.8 to 54.2) | <0.001 |
| Women | 17 157 (52.9) | 4799 (63.3) | 5523 (43.6) | 201 (31.4) | 5736 (56.9) | 898 (47.8) | <0.001 |
| Mean (95% CI) body mass index: | |||||||
| At age 25 years | 23.4 (23.3 to 23.5) | 20.8 (20.7 to 20.8) | 23.1 (23.1 to 23.2) | 32.9 (32.5 to 33.3) | 24.3 (24.2 to 24.3) | 34.7 (34.4 to 35.0) | <0.001 |
| At 10 years before baseline | 26.6 (26.5 to 26.7) | 22.2 (22.1 to 22.2) | 26.0 (25.9 to 26.1) | 30.2 (29.6 to 30.9) | 30.1 (29.9 to 30.2) | 37.7 (37.1 to 38.3) | <0.001 |
| At survey | 28.2 (28.1 to 28.4) | 22.2 (22.2 to 22.3) | 27.1 (27.0 to 27.1) | 26.4 (26.1 to 26.7) | 34.5 (34.3 to 34.6) | 39.3 (38.8 to 39.9) | <0.001 |
| Mean (95% CI) absolute weight change, kg | 13.4 (13.1 to 13.6) | 4.1 (3.9 to 4.3) | 11.0 (10.8 to 11.3) | –18.6 (−19.9 to −17.3) | 28.2 (27.9 to 28.6) | 13.1 (11.5 to 14.7) | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity: | <0.001 | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 17 164 (78.0) | 4826 (80.6) | 6678 (78.7) | 267 (73.7) | 4580 (74.7) | 813 (76.5) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 7315 (9.7) | 1533 (7.1) | 2530 (9.0) | 140 (12.1) | 2574 (12.6) | 538 (14.4) | |
| Mexican American | 5731 (4.4) | 990 (2.5) | 2407 (4.7) | 134 (5.9) | 1918 (5.7) | 282 (4.9) | |
| Others | 3570 (7.9) | 1180 (9.9) | 1340 (7.5) | 49 (8.3) | 884 (7.0) | 117 (4.3) | |
| Education: | <0.001 | ||||||
| Less than high school | 11 238 (22.6) | 2529 (19.5) | 4460 (23.1) | 298 (36.2) | 3393 (24.9) | 558 (21.0) | |
| High school or equivalent | 8432 (28.3) | 2105 (26.7) | 3215 (28.3) | 121 (29.4) | 2538 (29.5) | 453 (30.2) | |
| College or above | 14 033 (49.1) | 3864 (53.8) | 5257 (48.6) | 168 (34.4) | 4010 (45.5) | 734 (48.8) | |
| Family income-poverty ratio level: | <0.001 | ||||||
| 0-1.0 | 5419 (10.1) | 1289 (9.0) | 1985 (9.6) | 135 (15.7) | 1678 (11.4) | 332 (12.0) | |
| 1.1-3.0 | 13 268 (36.4) | 3160 (34.2) | 5083 (35.3) | 263 (46.6) | 4013 (38.6) | 749 (43.4) | |
| >3.0 | 12 287 (53.5) | 3354 (56.8) | 4778 (55.1) | 144 (37.7) | 3456 (50.1) | 555 (44.5) | |
| Marital status: | <0.001 | ||||||
| Married | 21 236 (69.0) | 5275 (67.9) | 8421 (71.1) | 342 (64.3) | 6186 (68.0) | 1012 (66.5) | |
| Separated | 10 010 (25.2) | 2614 (26.3) | 3666 (23.7) | 195 (28.1) | 3040 (26.8) | 495 (21.7) | |
| Never married | 2215 (5.7) | 562 (5.7) | 745 (5.2) | 48 (7.6) | 632 (5.2) | 228 (11.9) | |
| Alcohol drinking: | <0.001 | ||||||
| Non-drinker | 12 399 (38.5) | 3063 (37.6) | 4542 (36.4) | 204 (40.6) | 3895 (41.7) | 695 (42.1) | |
| Low to moderate drinker | 16 575 (52.2) | 3997 (51.2) | 6550 (53.7) | 283 (51.2) | 4864 (51.1) | 881 (52.4) | |
| Heavy drinker | 2610 (9.3) | 845 (11.2) | 1047 (9.9) | 53 (7.6) | 582 (7.2) | 83 (5.5) | |
| Smoking status: | <0.001 | ||||||
| Never smoker | 16 071 (46.0) | 3947 (45.3) | 5992 (45.2) | 224 (33.3) | 4995 (47.6) | 913 (50.5) | |
| Former smoker | 10 930 (33.1) | 2355 (28.5) | 4458 (35.1) | 207 (36.2) | 3389 (35.3) | 521 (32.2) | |
| Current smoker | 6763 (20.9) | 2222 (26.2) | 2500 (19.7) | 158 (30.5) | 1567 (17.1) | 316 (17.3) | |
| Leisure time physical activity level: | <0.001 | ||||||
| 0 times/week | 16 306 (37.9) | 3702 (32.4) | 5939 (35.4) | 344 (45.9) | 5317 (44.8) | 1004 (49.2) | |
| 1-2 times/week | 6516 (25.4) | 1706 (25.9) | 2578 (26.2) | 76 (16.9) | 1858 (24.7) | 298 (23.2) | |
| ≥3 times/week | 10 939 (36.7) | 3117 (41.7) | 4430 (38.4) | 170 (37.3) | 2776 (30.5) | 446 (27.5) | |
| Healthy eating index score: | <0.001 | ||||||
| Quarter 1 | 8011 (24.6) | 1823 (21.9) | 2941 (23.6) | 159 (27.9) | 2555 (27.8) | 533 (29.9) | |
| Quarter 2 | 8021 (24.8) | 1878 (23.1) | 3062 (24.9) | 133 (21.9) | 2498 (26.3) | 450 (26.5) | |
| Quarter 3 | 8037 (24.6) | 1993 (23.5) | 3170 (25.6) | 136 (27.0) | 2346 (24.4) | 392 (23.1) | |
| Quarter 4 | 8012 (26.0) | 2322 (31.5) | 3150 (25.9) | 123 (23.3) | 2106 (21.5) | 311 (20.5) | |
| Family history of diabetes or heart attack | 16 797 (49.9) | 3729 (44.7) | 6131 (47.6) | 303 (53.8) | 5545 (56.3) | 1089 (62.3) | <0.001 |
| Self reported health: | <0.001 | ||||||
| Very good to excellent | 12 477 (46.1) | 3850 (55.2) | 5174 (49.4) | 161 (34.8) | 2880 (35.2) | 412 (30.3) | |
| Good | 11 795 (33.5) | 2751 (29.0) | 4445 (32.3) | 190 (31.4) | 3772 (39.2) | 637 (39.0) | |
| Poor to fair | 9492 (20.4) | 1925 (15.8) | 3332 (18.3) | 239 (33.9) | 3295 (25.6) | 701 (30.7) | |
| Self reported chronic diseases: | |||||||
| Diabetes | 4951 (10.3) | 604 (4.5) | 1609 (8.4) | 170 (16.9) | 2020 (15.9) | 548 (26.4) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 12 489 (32.3) | 2096 (19.0) | 4489 (30.6) | 242 (33.6) | 4740 (45.3) | 922 (53.0) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular diseases | 5112 (11.6) | 1054 (8.7) | 1916 (11.5) | 150 (20.6) | 1639 (13.8) | 353 (16.3) | <0.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases | 3028 (9.5) | 797 (9.7) | 986 (7.9) | 65 (15.6) | 998 (11.1) | 182 (10.4) | <0.001 |
| Cancer§ | 3215 (8.5) | 841 (8.7) | 1246 (8.4) | 61 (8.4) | 922 (8.9) | 145 (7.2) | 0.35 |
*
All estimates accounted for complex survey designs. 2271 participants were excluded because of missing body mass index at age 25 years.
†
77, 2806, 319, 2196, 16, 19, 1699, and 16 participants had missing information for baseline education level, family income-poverty ratio, marital status, alcohol drinking, smoking status, leisure time physical activity level, healthy eating index score, and self reported health, respectively.
‡
For categorical variables, P value was calculated by Rao-Scott χ2 test, which is design adjusted version of Pearson χ2 test. For continuous variables, analysis of variance adjusting for sampling weights was used to calculate P value.
§
Skin cancer was not included.