Table 2.
Lifestyle and previously reported exposure risk factors in Cypriot PD cases and controls.
| Variable | Total | Cases | Controls | OR* (95% CI) | p-value** (LR) | p-trend*** (LR) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CUMULATIVE SMOKING (CIGARETTES OVER LIFETIME) | |||||||
| Q0: 0 | N (%) | 377 (58.9) | 138 (65.4) | 239 (55.7) | 1.00 | 0.02 | |
| Q1: 1–48,000 | N (%) | 53 (8.3) | 14 (6.6) | 39 (9.1) | 0.62 (0.33–1.19) | 0.15 | |
| Q2: 48,000–132,000 | N (%) | 50 (7.8) | 17 (8.1) | 33 (7.7) | 0.89 (0.48–1.66) | 0.72 | |
| Q3: 132,000–275,000 | N (%) | 53 (8.3) | 16 (7.6) | 37 (8.6) | 0.75 (0.40–1.40) | 0.36 | |
| Q4: 275,000–438,000 | N (%) | 54 (8.4) | 15 (7.1) | 39 (9.1) | 0.67 (0.35–1.25) | 0.21 | |
| Q5: 438,000–1,940,000 | N (%) | 53 (8.3) | 11 (5.2) | 42 (9.8) | 0.45 (0.23–0.91) | 0.026 | |
| TOTAL COFFEE CONSUMPTION (CUPS PER MONTH) | |||||||
| Q1: 0–28 | N (%) | 187 (27.5) | 77 (34.1) | 110 (24.3) | 1.00 | 0.009 | |
| Q2: 28–56 | N (%) | 180 (26.5) | 57 (25.2) | 123 (27.2) | 0.66 (0.43–1.02) | 0.06 | |
| Q3: 56–84 | N (%) | 168 (24.7) | 53 (23.5) | 115 (25.4) | 0.66 (0.43–1.02) | 0.06 | |
| Q4: 84–420 | N (%) | 144 (21.2) | 39 (17.3) | 105 (23.2) | 0.53 (0.33–0.85) | 0.008 | |
| TOTAL ALCOHOL (GLASSES PER MONTH) | |||||||
| 0 | N (%) | 234 (33.3) | 77 (33.0) | 153 (32.8) | 1.00 | 0.65 | |
| Q1: 0–2.5 | N (%) | 118 (16.8) | 43 (18.4) | 75 (16.1) | 1.14 (0.72–1.81) | 0.58 | |
| Q2: 2.5–11.4 | N (%) | 117 (16.6) | 36 (15.5) | 81 (17.4) | 0.88 (0.55–1.43) | 0.61 | |
| Q3: 11.4–33.4 | N (%) | 117 (16.6) | 41 (17.6) | 76 (16.3) | 1.07 (0.67–1.71) | 0.67 | |
| Q4: 33.4–496 | N (%) | 117 (16.6) | 36 (15.5) | 81 (17.4) | 0.88 (0.55–1.43) | 0.61 | |
| HEALTHY EATING | |||||||
| 0 | N (%) | 32 (4.6) | 17 (7.3) | 11 (2.4) | 1 | 0.03 | |
| 1 | N (%) | 60 (8.5) | 18 (7.7) | 42 (9.0) | 0.28 (0.11–0.71) | 0.007* | |
| 2 | N (%) | 102 (14.5) | 36 (15.5) | 66 (14.2) | 0.35 (0.15–0.83) | 0.02* | |
| 3 | N (%) | 142 (20.20) | 51 (21.9) | 91 (19.5) | 0.36 (0.16–0.83) | 0.02* | |
| 4 | N (%) | 188 (26.7) | 58 (24.9) | 130 (27.9) | 0.29 (0.13–0.65) | 0.003* | |
| 5 | N (%) | 138 (19.6) | 41 (17.6) | 97 (20.8) | 0.27 (0.12–0.63) | 0.003* | |
| 6 | N (%) | 41 (5.8) | 12 (5.2) | 29 (6.2) | 0.27 (0.10–0.74) | 0.01* | |
LR, Logistic Regression analysis.
*
Univariate non-adjusted Logistic Regression Model.
**
P-value nominal significance threshold = 0.05.
***
Bonferroni adjusted significance threshold = 0.01.
Significant p-values are marked in bold.