Figure 9.

Ot-WHP exerted its immunoregulatory effects on BMDMs via activating MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways. (A) Effects of chemical inhibitors against MAPKs, NF-κB, and PI3K on Ot-WHP-induced chemokine (CXCL1 and CCL2) and cytokine (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) production in mouse BMDMs. BMDMs were pre-incubated with ERK inhibitor (U0126, 10 μM), JNK inhibitor (SP600125, 10 μM), p38 inhibitor (SB203580, 10 μM), NF-κB inhibitor (BAY11-7082, 2 μM), or PI3K inhibitor (LY294002, 10 μM) for 1 h, respectively, and then were stimulated with Ot-WHP (100 μg/ml) for 24 h. The levels of regulatory factors in BMDMs were quantified by ELISA. (B–D) Ot-WHP (25, 50, 100 μg/ml) markedly activated MAPKs (ERK and JNK subgroups) (B) and NF-κB (IκBα and p65 subgroups) (C) signaling pathways in mouse BMDMs, and the phosopholyation of ERK, JNK, IκBα, and p65 were quantified by Image J (D). A same volume of vehicle (PBS) was used as control. The average of 3 independent experiments is shown. ns, no significance, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.