This work is licensed under a Figure 2.
Grand-averaged auditory evoked potentials (across participants and across electrodes in three regions of interest marked on the scalp maps) for (a) adults who do not stutter and (b) adults who stutter. The two groups differ in modulation of the N1 component (gray box) in the speaking condition relative to the silent reading and seeing control conditions. (c) Group-averaged amplitudes (with standard errors of the mean) of the N1 component in each condition illustrate the Group × Condition interaction. N1 amplitude of the nonstuttering group was smaller in the speaking condition relative to both control conditions; N1 amplitude of the stuttering group was similar across all three conditions. (d) A boxplot illustrates the consistency of N1 modulation (N1 modulation = |N1Reading| − |N1Speaking|; thus, positive values indicate an amplitude reduction in the speaking condition) among speakers who do not stutter as compared with the absence of this phenomenon among speakers who stutter. Adapted from Daliri and Max (2015b) Brain and Language, Vol. 143, A. Daliri and L. Max, “Modulation of Auditory Processing During Speech Movement Planning is Limited in Adults Who Stutter,” pp. 59–68, Copyright © 2015, with permission from Elsevier.