TABLE 2.
List of lncRNAs with their regulatory mechanisms and physiological impact in cardiovascular biology.
| lncRNA | Target | Mode of action | Function | Species | References |
| ALIEN | Unknown | Unknown | Cardiovascular commitment | Human, Mouse and Zebrafish | Kurian et al., 2015 |
| ANRIL | CDKN2A/B ADIPOR1, VAMP3, C11ORF10 | Scaffold | Genetic risk factor for CAD Pro-atherogenic | Human | Bochenek et al., 2013; Holdt et al., 2013 |
| Apf | Atg7 | Sponge miR-188-3p | Controls autophagy and MI | Mouse | Wang K. et al., 2015 |
| Bvht | Hand1, Hand2, Mesp1, Nkx2-5, Tbx20 | Decoy | Cardiac lineage commitment | Mouse | Klattenhoff et al., 2013 |
| Carl | Pbh2, Bax, Caspase3, Bcl-2 | miR-539 sponging | Inhibits mitochondrial fission and apoptosis in cardiomyocyte | Mouse, Human and Rat | Wang et al., 2014b; Li L. et al., 2018 |
| CARMEN | Gata4, mesp1, Nkx2-5, Myh6 | Cis and trans regulation SE-associated | Cardiac specification | Mouse Human | Ounzain et al., 2015 |
| Chast | Plekhm1 | Cis-regulation | Promotes hypertrophy | Mouse, Human | Viereck et al., 2016 |
| Chaer | Hypertrophy genes | Guides PRC2 to hypertrophic gene loci | Promotes hypertrophy | Mouse, Human and Rat | Wang Z. et al., 2016 |
| Chrf | Myd88 | Sponge miR-489 | Promote hypertrophy, Elevated in HF tissues | Mouse, Human | Wang et al., 2014a |
| Fendrr | Foxf1, Gata6, Nkx2-5, Pitx2 | Guide PRC2 and TrxG/MLL to promoters of target genes | Cardiovascular development | Mouse, Human and Rat | Grote et al., 2013 |
| Ftx | Bcl2l2 | miR-29b-1-3p sponge | Inhibits cardiomyocyte apoptosis | Mouse | Long et al., 2018 |
| GAS5 | ANNEXIN A2 | Guide | Supress SMC proliferation and migration | Human | Li et al., 2015 |
| GATA6-AS | LOXL2 | Decoy | Induced in ECs during hypoxia, involved in EndMT | Human | Neumann et al., 2018 |
| H19 | Sox6, MAPK, NF- kB, PTEN, VCAM-1, p21, TGF-β1 | Sponge miR-19b, positively regulates miR-675, inhibition of phosphorylation of STAT3. | Proliferation and apoptosis during late stage cardiac differentiation, pro-atherogenic, promotes VSMC proliferation and restenosis, negatively regulates EC aging, prevents glucose induced EndMT | Mouse, Human and Rat | Han et al., 2016; Pan, 2017; Lv J. et al., 2018; Hofmann et al., 2019 |
| MALAT1 | TGFBR2/SMAD3, Cyc or CCN A2, B1, B2, Cdk1, ATG7 | Sponge miR-145 | EndMT, Controls proliferation and migration of ECs | Human | Michalik et al., 2014; Song et al., 2018 |
| LEENE | eNOS | eRNA, recruits Pol II at eNOS promoter | EC homeostasis | Human, Mouse | Miao et al., 2018 |
| MEG3 | PTEN, AMPK and JAK-STAT signalling | Sponge miR-21, sponge miR-9 | SMC proliferation and migration, supress EC proliferation and angiogenesis | Human | He et al., 2017; Zhu et al., 2018 |
| Mdrl | miR-484 | miR-361 | Regulates cardiomyocyte mitochondrial fission and apoptosis | Mouse | Wang et al., 2014c |
| MIAT | VEGF | Sponge miR-93 and miR-150 | Pro-hypertrophic | Human, mouse | Zhu et al., 2016; Li Y. et al., 2018 |
| Mm67/77/85/130/132 | Unknown | Cis-regulation, eRNAs | Cardiac development and remodelling | Mouse | Ounzain et al., 2014 |
| Mhrt | Brg1 | Decoy | Prevents hypertrophy and HF | Mouse, Human | Han et al., 2014 |
| MYOSLID | MYOCD, MRTF-A, TGF-β (SMAD) | Cis and trans-regulation | SMC differentiation and proliferation | Human | Zhao et al., 2016 |
| linc-p21 | P53 | Mdm2 mediated ubiquitination of p53 | Repress VSMC proliferation and induce apoptosis, downregulated in atherosclerotic plaques in mice model | Human, Mouse | Wu et al., 2014 |
| SENCR | MYOCD, CCL5, CX3CL1, CDH5 | Decoy | SMC contractibility, potentiates mesodermal and endothelial commitment, regulates proliferation and migration of ECs, stabilize EC adherens junction, dysregulation associated with premature CAD and limb ischemia | Human | Bell et al., 2014; Boulberdaa et al., 2016; Lyu et al., 2019 |
| SMILR | HAS2, CENPF | Cis-acting | SMC proliferation, Increased expression in unstable atherosclerotic plaque and in plasma of high plasm CRP | Human | Ballantyne et al., 2016; Mahmoud et al., 2019 |
| RNCR3 | KLF2 | Sponge miR-185-5p | Athero-protective | Human | Shan et al., 2016 |
| ROR | ANP and BNP | Sponge miR-133 | Pro-hypertrophic | Mouse, Human | Loewer et al., 2010 |
| PANCR | PITX2 | Cis-acting | Induced during early differentiation of hESCs to cardiomyocytes | Human | Gore-Panter et al., 2016 |
| PLSR4 | Mfn2 | Sponge miR-214 | Anti-hypertrophic | Mouse | Lv L. et al., 2018 |
| PUNISHER | FOXC1, TAL1 | Guide | Endothelial commitment | Human, Mouse and Zebrafish | Kurian et al., 2015 |
| Upperhand | Hand2 | Cis-acting, eRNA | Heart development | Mouse | Anderson et al., 2016 |