TABLE 2.

Gene cassettes used to drive DTA expression within cancer cells.

Expression cassette	Promoter	Target malignancy	Extent of studies	References
pDTA-PBH19	814 bp flanking the 5′-region of the H19 gene	Bladder, choriocarcinoma, colorectal, and ovarian cancers	Clinical Trial	Lavie et al., 2017
pP3-DTA and pP4-DTA/pP4-DTA-P3-DTA	Insulin-like growth factor 2, promoters 3 and 4	Human bladder and hepatocellular carcinoma	Xenograft murine model	Ayesh et al., 2003; Amit et al., 2011
pAF-DTA	Alpha-fetoprotein promoter	Hepatocellular carcinomas and teratomas	Xenograft murine model	Kunitomi et al., 2000
pRAD51-DTA, pRAD51C-DTA, pXRCC2-DTA	Rad51, Rad51C, and XRCC2 regulatory elements	Various malignancies including breast and cervical cancers	Xenograft murine model	Hine et al., 2012; Cao et al., 2014; Chen Y. et al., 2018
pPSAR-PCPSA-DTA	Prostate-specific antigen promoter	Prostate cancer	Xenograft murine model, TRAMP mice	Zheng et al., 2003
Surp1430-DTA	Survivin promoter	Ovarian, gastric, non-small- and small-cell lung, and breast cancer	Xenograft murine model	Lin et al., 2015
V3-DTA	Heat shock promoter and upstream control element	Pancreatic cancer	Xenograft murine model	Fogar et al., 2010
phTERT-DTA	Human telomerase reverse transcriptase	Hepatocellular carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, and osteosarcoma	In vitro	Abdul-Ghani et al., 2000
CPT4-DTA	A synthetic β-catenin-dependent promoter	Hepatocellular carcinoma	In vitro	Lipinski et al., 2004
pTHA-47 or pTHA-49	Human chorionic gonadotropin α and β promoters	Breast and ovarian cancer	In vitro	Lidor et al., 1997
pTHA71	Immunoglobulin (Ig) kappa light chain gene regulatory sequences	B-cell malignancies	In vitro	Maxwell et al., 1992