TABLE 4.
Relationships between empowering leadership and continuous improvement.
| Factor | CIp | N | Mean | Bonferroni test | SD | Std. Error | Lo95 | Hi95 | Min. | Max. | ANOVA |
| LEBQ1 | 0 | 229 | 2.99 | 2+; 3∗∗ | 1.28 | 0.08 | 2.83 | 3.16 | 0.00 | 5.00 | 8.49∗∗ |
| 1 | 213 | 3.17 | 3∗∗ | 1.21 | 0.08 | 3.00 | 3.33 | 0.00 | 5.00 | ||
| 2 | 92 | 3.40 | 0+; 3+ | 1.07 | 0.11 | 3.18 | 3.62 | 0.00 | 5.00 | ||
| 3 | 45 | 4.00 | 0∗∗; 1∗∗; 2+ | 0.89 | 0.13 | 3.73 | 4.27 | 1.67 | 5.00 | ||
| 4 | 11 | 3.91 | 0.65 | 0.20 | 3.47 | 4.35 | 3.00 | 5.00 | |||
| LEBQ2 | 0 | 229 | 2.91 | 1+; 3∗∗; 4∗∗ | 1.21 | 0.08 | 2.75 | 3.07 | 0.00 | 5.00 | 7.23∗∗ |
| 1 | 213 | 3.21 | 0+; 4∗ | 1.23 | 0.08 | 3.04 | 3.37 | 0.00 | 5.00 | ||
| 2 | 92 | 3.25 | 4∗ | 1.14 | 0.12 | 3.01 | 3.49 | 0.00 | 5.00 | ||
| 3 | 45 | 3.58 | 0∗∗ | 1.05 | 0.16 | 3.26 | 3.89 | 0.67 | 5.00 | ||
| 4 | 11 | 4.42 | 0∗∗; 1∗∗; 2∗∗ | 0.45 | 0.14 | 4.12 | 4.73 | 3.67 | 5.00 | ||
| LEBQ3 | 0 | 229 | 3.00 | 1∗; 2∗∗; 3∗∗; 4∗ | 1.33 | 0.09 | 2.83 | 3.18 | 0.00 | 5.00 | 9.57∗∗ |
| 1 | 213 | 3.38 | 0∗∗; 3∗∗ | 1.16 | 0.08 | 3.22 | 3.53 | 0.00 | 5.00 | ||
| 2 | 92 | 3.46 | 0∗; 3+ | 1.01 | 0.11 | 3.25 | 3.67 | 0.67 | 5.00 | ||
| 3 | 45 | 4.02 | 0∗∗; 1∗∗; 2+ | 0.85 | 0.13 | 3.77 | 4.28 | 1.33 | 5.00 | ||
| 4 | 11 | 4.03 | 0∗∗ | 0.55 | 0.16 | 3.66 | 4.40 | 3.00 | 5.00 | ||
| LEBQ4 | 0 | 229 | 3.13 | 3∗∗ | 1.33 | 0.09 | 2.96 | 3.30 | 0.00 | 5.00 | 5.86∗∗ |
| 1 | 213 | 3.39 | 3∗∗ | 1.23 | 0.08 | 3.22 | 3.55 | 0.00 | 5.00 | ||
| 2 | 92 | 3.50 | 1.13 | 0.12 | 3.27 | 3.73 | 0.00 | 5.00 | |||
| 3 | 45 | 3.96 | 0∗∗; 1∗∗ | 1.07 | 0.16 | 3.63 | 4.28 | 1.00 | 5.00 | ||
| 4 | 11 | 4.09 | 0.83 | 0.25 | 3.53 | 4.65 | 2.50 | 5.00 | |||
| LEBQ5 | 0 | 229 | 2.16 | 2∗∗; 3∗∗; 4∗∗ | 1.34 | 0.09 | 1.98 | 2.33 | 0.00 | 5.00 | 11.68∗∗ |
| 1 | 213 | 2.44 | 3∗∗; 4∗∗; 5∗∗ | 1.29 | 0.09 | 2.27 | 2.62 | 0.00 | 5.00 | ||
| 2 | 92 | 2.74 | 0∗∗ | 1.19 | 0.12 | 2.49 | 2.98 | 0.00 | 5.00 | ||
| 3 | 45 | 3.30 | 0∗∗; 1∗∗ | 1.18 | 0.18 | 2.95 | 3.66 | 1.00 | 5.00 | ||
| 4 | 11 | 3.70 | 0∗∗; 1∗ | 1.04 | 0.31 | 3.00 | 4.39 | 1.33 | 4.67 | ||
| LEBQ6 | 0 | 229 | 2.58 | 2∗∗; 3∗∗; 4∗∗ | 1.30 | 0.09 | 2.41 | 2.75 | 0.00 | 5.00 | 9.40∗∗ |
| 1 | 213 | 2.83 | 3∗∗ | 1.14 | 0.08 | 2.68 | 2.99 | 0.00 | 5.00 | ||
| 2 | 92 | 3.14 | 0∗∗ | 1.06 | 0.11 | 2.92 | 3.36 | 0.00 | 5.00 | ||
| 3 | 45 | 3.52 | 0∗∗; 1∗∗ | 1.17 | 0.17 | 3.17 | 3.87 | 0.33 | 5.00 | ||
| 4 | 11 | 3.73 | 0∗∗ | 0.55 | 0.17 | 3.36 | 4.10 | 3.00 | 4.67 |
CIp, number of continuous improvement programs in which employee was involved in the last 12 months; Bonferroni test, significant mean differences (Bonferroni corrected) between the number of CIp of the row and the number of CI programs indicated in the cell: ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗p < 0.05, +p < 0.10; SD, standard deviation; Lo95, 95% confidence interval for mean lower bound; Hi95, 95% confidence interval for mean upper bound.