FIGURE 3.

Mechanisms of hBD2 upregulation by LH2171 SLP. Caco-2 cells were pre-incubated with anti-TLR2 antibody (a-TLR2), isotype control antibody (IgA2) (A,C,D), or the indicated inhibitor (SB202190 for p38, SP600125 for JNK, PD98059 for ERK, and JSH-23 for NF-κB) (B) and then treated with LH2171 SLP. hBD2 mRNA levels were evaluated by quantitative real time-PCR (A,B), and protein levels of total JNK and phospho-JNK (P-JNK) (C) or total c-Jun and phospho-c-Jun (D) in total cell lysates were analyzed by western blotting. Each experiment was performed in triplicate; data are shown as mean ± SD (A–D). ^∗∗P < 0.01 and ^∗∗∗P < 0.001 vs. IgA2 + SLP (A) or SLP (B) (one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s post hoc test). Values not sharing a common letter are significantly different (P < 0.05 by one-way ANOVA and Tukey–Kramer post hoc test) (C,D).