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. 2019 Oct 24;9:15271. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51707-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Groups from the phylum-to-genus levels determined to be significant representatives of their sample group, based on LEfSe software analysis. (A) Cladogram representing the taxonomic hierarchical structure of the identified habitat biomarkers generated using LEfSe. Each ring represents a taxonomic level, with phylum, class, order, and family emanating from the center to the periphery. Each circle is a taxonomic unit in the dataset, with circles or nodes shown in color where the taxon represents a significantly more abundant group. (B) Identified biomarkers ranked by their effect size in different samples. The habitat biomarkers were identified as being significantly abundant (p < 0.05) when compared among samples. CL: Chinese leek; WO: Welsh onion; GA: Garlic; ON: onion.