TABLE 1.
Baseline study and participant characteristics of intervention studies1
| Author and y | Country (funding source) | Study design (duration) | Subjects enrolled (analyzed), n | Male, % | Mean age, y | BMI, kg/m2 | Comorbidities, % | Apple/pear, daily dose | Diet comparison, daily dose | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barth 2012 | Germany (NR) | RCT-P (4 wk) | 68 (68) | 100 | 49 | 30.84 | Healthy: NRDiabetes: 0Hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia: NRHypertension: NRExisting CVD: NR | Apple juice, 2250 mL | Controlled beverage, 2250 mL | BMI, body weight, HDL, LDL, TC, TG, waist circumference |
| Chai 2012; Hooshmand 20132 | US (G) | RCT-P (1 y) | 160 (90) | 0 | 56.65 | 24.5 | Healthy: 100Diabetes: 0Hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia: 0Hypertension: 0Existing CVD: 0 | Dried apple, 75 g | Dried plums, 100 g | BMI, body weight, HDL, LDL, LDL:HDL, TC, TC:HDL, TG |
| De Oliveira 2003, 2008 | Brazil (G, A, I) | RCT-P (12 wk) | 51 (35) | 0 | 44.03 | 31.87 | Healthy: 0Diabetes: 0Hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia: 100Hypertension: NRExisting CVD: NR | Apple or pear, 900 g | Oatmeal cookie, 180 g | Blood glucose, BMI, body weight, glucose, glucose:insulin, insulin, TC, TG |
| Gormley 1977 | Ireland (I) | nRCT-P (16 wk) | 80 (76) | 100 | NR | NR | Healthy: NRDiabetes: NRHyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia: NRHypertension: NRExisting CVD: NR | 2 additional apples per d to their diet | ≤3 apples or apple-like fruits/wk | TC, HDL |
| Navaei 2017; Johnson 2016 | NR (Fresh Pear Committee; Pear Bureau Northwest) | RCT-C (12 wk) | 50 (43; 36) | NR | NR | NR | Healthy: 0Diabetes: NRHyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia: NRHypertension: NRExisting CVD: NR | Pear, 178 g/d | 50 g pear-flavored drink mix placebo | SBP, DBP, waist:hip |
| Ravn-Haren 2013 | Denmark (G) | RCT-C (20 wk) | 23 (23) | 39 | 36.2 | 22.3 | Healthy: 100Diabetes: 0Hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia: 0Hypertension: 0Existing CVD: 0 | Whole apple, 500 g; cloudy apple juice, 500 mL; clear apple juice, 500 mL; apple pomace, 22 mg | Only restricted diet allowed | Body weight, DBP, HDL, Insulin, LDL, SBP, TC, TC:HDL, TG, waist:hip |
| Svendsen 2015 | Norway (F) | RCT-P (8 wk) | 118 (115) | 42.37 | 55 | 26 | Healthy: 0Diabetes: NRHyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia: NRHypertension: 100Existing CVD: 0 | Apple, 170 g/d | Green kiwi fruit, 360 g | Body weight, DBP, SBP |
| Vafa 2011 | Iran (A) | RCT-P (8 wk) | 46 (46) | 100 | 41.37 | 26.87 | Healthy 0Diabetes: 0Hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia: 100Hypertension: NRExisting CVD: 0 | Apple, 300 g/d | No apple, 0 g | ApoB, HDL, LDL, LDL:HDL, Lp(a), TC, TG, VLDL |
1
A, academic; ApoB, apolipoprotein B; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; F, foundation; G, government; HDL, high density lipoprotein; I, industry; LDL, low density lipoprotein; Lp(a), lipoprotein(a); NR, not reported; RCT-C, randomized control trial, cross-over; RCT-P, randomized control trial, parallel; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; VLDL, very low density lipoprotein.
2
Chai 2012 and Hooshmand 2013 and De Oliveira 2003 and De Oliveira 2008 were included as one row each in the above table since they drew data from the same trial.