TABLE 3.
Baseline study and participant characteristics of cohort studies1
| Author and y | Country (funding source) | Cohort name | Duration (enrollment y) | Patients enrolled (analyzed), n | Male, % | Mean age, y | BMI, kg/m2 | Comorbidities, % | Apple dose | Outcomes | Model adjustments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alperet, 2017 | US, China (G, A) | Singapore Chinese Health Study | 1993–1998 (494,741 person-y = 17 y) | 63,257 (45,411) | 31 | Men: 57; Women: 56 | Men: 22.7; Women: 23.2 | Healthy: NRDiabetes: 0Hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia: NRHypertension: 19.2Existing CVD: 0 | Never/rarely;<1 serving/wk;1 serving/wk;2–3 serving/wk;4–6 servings/wk;>1 serving/d | T2DM | Diet |
| Mink 2007; Arts, 2001 | US (F,G) | None | 1986 (12 y) | 34,492 (34,492) | 0 | 61 | 26.9 | Healthy: 89.6–90.7Diabetes: 5.7–6.5Hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia: NRHypertension: 34.1–34.8Existing CVD: 0 | Apples and pears:<1 serving/wk;1 serving/wk;>1 serving/wk | IHD mortality, CVD mortality, Stroke mortality | Age, alcohol intake, cholesterol, diet |
| Bertoia, 2015 | US (G) | NHS I;NHS II;HPFS | NHS: 1976;NHS II: 1989;HPFS: 1986 (4 y) | 133,468 (133,468) | 14.48 | 41.65 | NR | Healthy: NRDiabetes: 0Hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia: NRHypertension: NRExisting CVD: 0 | Apples and pears:0 servings/d;0.31 servings/d | Body weight | Age, BMI, diet, smoking status, hours of sitting or watching TV, hours of sleep physical activity |
| Borgi, 2016 | US (G, A) | NHS I;NHS II;HPFS | NHS: 1976;NHS II: 1989;HPFS: 1986 (2,939,124 person-y) | 187,453 (123,059) | 19.6 | 25–75 | NR | Healthy: NRDiabetes: NRHyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia: NRHypertension: 0Existing CVD: NR | Apples and pears:<1 per mo;1–3 per month;1–3 per wk;>4 per wk | Hypertension | Age, alcohol intake, analgesic use, BMI, current oral contraceptive use, ethnicity, hypertension family history, menopausal status, physical activity smoking status, use, weight change |
| Hansen, 2010 | Denmark (G) | Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort | 1993–1997 (7 y) | 53,383 (53,383) | 46.95 | Median: M 55; F 56 | Median: M 26; F 25 | Healthy: NRDiabetes: 0Hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia: NRHypertension: NRExisting CVD: 0 | M: < 18 g apple/d;18–98 g apple/d;>98 g apple/dF: <18 g apple/d;18–54 g apple/d;>54 g apple/d | Acute Coronary Syndrome | BMI, diet, education level, smoking, alcohol intake, alcohol abstainers and physical activity, total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure |
| Hansen, 2017 | Denmark (F) | Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort | 1993–1997 (Median: 13.5 y) | 57,053 (55,338) | 48 | Mean of median: 56.1 | Median: 25.5 | Healthy: NRDiabetes: NRHyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia: NRHypertension: NRExisting CVD: NR | Apples and pears:M: 0–56 g/d,56 < g/dF: 0–71 g/d,71 < g/d | Total stroke, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and intracerebral hemorrhage | Alcohol intake, BMI, diabetes, diet, education, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia. physical activity, smoking, atrial fibrillation, waist circumference |
| Hertog, 1993 | Netherlands (G) | Zutphen Elderly Men study | 1985 (5 y) | 805 (805) | 100 | 71.26 | 25.5 | Healthy: NRDiabetes: NRHyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia: NRHypertension: NRExisting CVD: 37.3 | 0 apples/d;0–1 apples/d;>1 apple/d | Cardiovascular mortality | Age, BMI, diet, and risk factors [includes history of MI in 1985, physical activity, smoking, serum TC and HDL, SBP] |
| Hodgson, 2016 | Australia (G, F, H) | Calcium Intake Fracture Outcome Study | 1998 (15 y) | 1500 (1456) | 0 | 75.16 | 27.2 | Healthy: NRDiabetes: 6Hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia:18.52Hypertension: 43.2Existing CVD: 23.27 | <5 g/d;5–100 g/d;>100 g/d | CVD mortality | Age, alcohol intake, antihypertensive meds, BMI, cancer, cholesterol lowering meds, CVD, diabetes, diet, low-dose aspirin, physical activity smoking status, socio-economic status, treatment code |
| Knekt, 1996 | Finland (None) | Finnish mobile clinic | 1967–1972 (20–23 y) | 5133 (5133) | 53.5 | 44.97 | 25.85 | Healthy: NRDiabetes: NRHyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia: NRHypertension: 38.47Existing CVD: 0 | M: >54 g; 0 g;F: >71 g; 0 g | Coronary mortality; total mortality | Age, BMI, cholesterol, hypertension, smoking status |
| Knekt, 2000 | Finland (None) | Finnish mobile clinic | 1967 (28 y) | 9208 (9208) | NR | 37.46 | NR | Healthy: NRDiabetes: NRHyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia: NRHypertension: NRExisting CVD: 0 | M: >54 g; 0 g;F: >71 g; <5 g | Acute stroke; All cerebrovascular disease; Intracerebral hemorrhage; thrombosis embolia | Age, BMI, diet, diabetes, geographical region, hypertension, serum cholesterol, smoking, occupation |
| Lacoppidan 2015 | Denmark (F, G) | Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort | 1993–1997 (median 15.3 y) | 57,053 (55,060) | 47.2 | Median: M 55; F 56 | Median: M 24.8; F 26.1 | Healthy: NRDiabetes: 0Hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia: NRHypertension: NRExisting CVD: NR | Apples and pears:M: 0–56 g/d,56 < g/dF: 0–71 g/d,71 < g/d | T2DM | Age, alcohol intake, BMI, diet, education level, physical activity, smoking, waist circumference, |
| Larsson, 2013 | Sweden (G) | SMC; COSM | 1998–2008 (10.2 y) | 74,961 (74,961) | 53.9 | 60.3 | NR | Healthy: NRDiabetes: 5.96Hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia: NRHypertension: 20.8Existing CVD: 0 | Apples and pears:18 g/d;36 g/d;90 g/d;180 g/d | Cerebral infarction, iIntracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, total stroke | Age, alcohol intake, aspirin use, BMI, diabetes, education, family history of myocardial infarction, history of hypertension, sex, smoking status and pack-years of smoking, physical activity |
| Oude Griep, 2011 | Netherlands (G, I) | MORGEN Study | 1993–1997 (10.3 y) | 20,069 (20,069) | 45 | 42 | 24.85 | Healthy: 100Diabetes: 0Hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia: 0Hypertension: 0Existing CVD: 0 | Apples and pears:25 g/d increase in intake | Stroke | Age, alcohol intake, BMI, diet, educational level, family history of AMI, hormone replacement therapy use, sex, smoking status |
| Roswell, 2015 | Sweden (G) | Swedish Women's Lifestyle and Health cohort | 1991–1992 (21.3 y) | 44,961 (44,961) | 0 | 39 | 23.0 | Healthy: NRDiabetes: 0Hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia: NRHypertension: NRExisting CVD: 0 | Apples and pears:<35.2 g/d;≥35.2 g/d | Total mortality | Age, alcohol intake, BMI, current tobacco consumption, diet, education, smoking status, time since smoking cessation |
| Song, 2005 | USA (G) | Women's Health Study | 1993 (8.8 y) | 38,018 (38,018) | 0 | 53.88 | 25.8 | Healthy: NRDiabetes: 0Hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia: NRHypertension: 25.08Existing CVD: 0 | 0/wk;<1/wk;2–6/wk;>1/d | T2DM | Age, alcohol use, BMI, diet, exercise, family history of diabetes history of cholesterol, history of hypertension, smoking |
| Wedick, 2012 | United States (G) | NHS I; NHS II; HPFS | NHS (1984); NHS II (1991); HPFS (1986) (24 y) | NHS: 70,359; NHS II: 89,201; HPFS: 41,334 (3645,585 person-years) | NHS: 0; NHS II: 0; HPFS: 100 | NHS: 50; NHS II: 36; HPFS: 53 | NR | Healthy: NRDiabetes: 0Hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia: NRHypertension: 16.77Existing CVD: 0 | <1 time/mo; 1–3 times/mo; 1 time/wk; 2–4 times/wk; >5 times/wk | T2DM | Age, BMI, diet, ethnicity, family history of diabetes, hormone use, oral contraceptive use, postmenopausal status, smoking status |
1
AMI, acute myocardial iInfarction; IHD, ischemic heart disease; COSM, Cohort of Swedish Men; CVD, cardiovascular disease; F, foundation; G, government; HDL, high density lipoprotein; H, hospital research committee; HPFS, Health Professional Follow-up Study; I, industry; MORGAN, Monitoring Project on Risk Factors and Chronic Diseases in the Netherlands; MI, myocardial infarction; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study; NR, not reported; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SMC, Swedish Mammography Cohort; TC, total cholesterol; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.