Table 3.

Documented iVDPV excreters and isolations of aVDPVs suggesting prolonged excretion for 1962–2018 (as reported by mid-2019)

Year of paralysis onset or first sample collection	Country	Gender	Immune deficiency	Paralysis (yes/no)	Serotype	Age (years) at paralysis onset or first sample collection	Maximum VP1 divergence (%)	Estimated duration of iVDPV excretion (years) based on maximum VP1 divergence	Excreter type	Outcome	Sources
Documented iVDPV excreters
1962	UK	Male	HGG	No	1	3.0	2.5	2.3	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
1962	UK	Female	HGG	No	3	20.0	2.3	2.1	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
1977	Japan	Male	AGG	Yes	2	1.9	Unknown	Unknown	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
1980	USA	Female	AGG	Yes	2	1.7	1.3	1.2	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
1981	USA	Male	CVID	Yes	1	17.0	10.0	9.1	Chronic	Dead	[19, 20]
1986	USA	Male	XLA	Yes	2	0.9	2.0	1.8	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
1986; 1992	USA	Female	CVID	No	1; 2	11.0	5.4; 11.8	10.7	Chronic	Unknown	[19, 20]
1987	UK	Male	CVID	No	2	34.0	4.1	3.7	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
1989	USA	Female	HGG	Yes	2	0.9	0.9	0.8	Unknown	Dead	[20]
1989	USA	Female	AGG	Yes	1	0.6	1.1	1.0	Prolonged	Unknown	[19, 20]
1990	USA	Female	SCID	Yes	2	1.3	1.8	1.6a	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
1990	Germany	Male	CVID	Yes	1	7.0	8.3	7.5	Chronic	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
1991	USA	Female	CVID	Yes	2	0.7	1.4	1.3	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
1995	USA	Female	SCID	Yes	2	0.3	2.2	2.0	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
1995	UK	Male	CVID	No	2	25.0	17.7	16.1	Chronic	Alive	[19, 20]
1995	Iran	Female	HGG	Yes	2	1.4	2.2	2.0a	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
1998	Argentina	Male	XLA	Yes	1	3.0	2.8	2.5	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2000	Germany	Female	CVID	Yes	1	24.0	12.1	11.0	Chronic	Dead	[19, 20]
2000	UK	Male	CVID	No	2	13.0	7.4	6.7	Chronic	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2000	Italy	Female	AGG	Yes	2	1.7	0.9	0.8	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2001	China	Unknown	Unknown	Yes	3	Unknown	1.0	0.9	Prolonged	Unknown	[19]
2001	Taiwan	Male	CVID	Yes	1	8.0	3.5	3.2	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2002	Kazakhstan	Female	HGG	Yes	2	2.0	2.3	2.1	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2002	Kuwait	Female	SCID	No	2	2.0	2.0	1.8	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2002	UK	Female	ICF syndrome	No	2	1.5	2.5	2.3	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2003	Peru	Male	AGG	Yes	2	0.8	1.2	1.1	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2003	Thailand	Male	HGG	Yes	2	1.5	2.2	2.0	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2005	China	Male	XLA	Yes	2; 3	2.0	4.2; 3.9	3.8	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2005	Morocco	Male	SCID	Yes	2	1.2	2.2	2.0	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2005	Saudi Arabia	Unknown	SCID	No	2	0.8	4.4	4.0	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2005	Syria	Female	HGG	Yes	2	0.5	1.3	1.2a	Prolonged	Unknown	[19, 20]
2005	Iran	Male	SCID	Yes	2	0.6	1.5	1.4	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2005	USA	Female	SCID	No	1	0.6	2.3	2.1a	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2006	Syria	Male	HCI	Yes	2	0.7	2.2	2.0a	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2006	Tunisia	Male	SCID	No	2	0.9	2.0	1.8a	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2006	Iran	Male	SCID	Yes	2	0.8	2.0	1.8	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2006	Iran	Male	XLA	Yes	3	1.3	2.1	1.9	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2007	Kuwait	Female	SCID	Yes	3	0.7	1.2	1.1a	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2007	Belarus	Male	HGG	Yes	2	3.0	1.9	1.7	Prolonged	Unknown	[19, 20]
2007	Egypt	Female	SCID	Yes	3	0.3	1.1	1.0	<6 months	Dead	[20]
2007	Iran	Male	XLA	Yes	2	0.6	1.2	1.1	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2007	Iran	Female	SCID	Yes	1; 2	0.4	2; 1.7	1.8	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2009	Tunisia	Male	SCID	No	1	7.3	1.2	1.1	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2009	USA	Female	CVID	Yes	2	44.0	12.3	11.2	Chronic	Dead	[19, 20]
2009	Argentina	Male	XLA	Yes	1	1.3	4.1	3.7a	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2009	Colombia	Male	AGG	Yes	2	1.3	1.5	1.4	Prolonged	Unknown	[19, 20]
2009	India	Male	CVID	Yes	1	11.0	5.2	4.7	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2010	Sri Lanka	Male	SCID	No	2	0.8	1.3	1.2a	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2010	India	Female	CVID	Yes	2	10.0	1.6	1.5	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2010	Algeria	Female	HLA-DR	Yes	2	0.5	1.8	1.6a	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2010	Iraq	Male	PID	Yes	2	0.7	1.2	1.1a	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2011	Algeria	Female	HLA-DR	Yes	3	1.2	2.8	2.5	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19]
2011	Algeria	Female	HLA-DR	No	3	0.3	1.2	1.1	<6 months	Alive and stopped excreting	WHOb
2011	Algeria	Male	HLA-DR	No	2	0.8	2.6	2.4a	Prolonged	Dead	[19]
2011	China	Male	CVID	No	2	0.6	0.9	0.8	<6 months	Alive	WHOb
2011	Egypt	Female	SCID	No	2	0.7	1.4	1.3a	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2011	India	Male	HGG	Yes	2	1.0	0.8	0.7	Prolonged	Dead	[19]
2011	India	Female	HGG	Yes	2	0.3	0.6	0.5a	<6 months	Dead	WHOb
2011	India	Male	CVID	Yes	3	7.0	1.2	1.1	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19]
2011	Sri Lanka	Female	CVID	Yes	3	8.4	2.6	2.4	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2011	Turkey	Male	CVID	No	2	1.0	1.8	1.6a	Prolonged	Unknown	[19, 20]
2011	West Bank and Gaza Strip	Male	SCID	No	2	1.0	1.2	1.1	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2011	China	Male	CVID	Yes	3	2.3	3.3	3.0	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2011	China	Female	CVID	Yes	2	9.0	1.9	1.7	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2011	Egypt	Male	SCID	Yes	3	0.5	5.3	4.8	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2011	Egypt	Male	XLA	Yes	1	1.7	2.1	1.9	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2011	Iran	Male	CID	Yes	2	0.7	2.1	1.9	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2011	Iran	Male	XLA	Yes	2	1.3	3.8	3.4	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2011	South Africa	Male	XLA	Yes	3	0.8	1.9	1.7a	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2011	Iran	Male	SCID	Yes	1; 2	2.1	2.7; 3.3	3.0	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2012	Egypt	Male	SCID	Yes	1; 2	0.3	2.66; 3.3	3.0a	<6 months	Dead	WHOb
2012	India	Female	HGG	Yes	2	0.5	2.0	1.8a	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2012	China	Male	CVID	Yes	2; 3	0.9	1.7; 2.3	1.5a	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2012	Iran	Male	SCID	Yes	2	0.5	2.4	2.2	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2012	Egypt	Female	SCID	No	2	0.5	1.1	1.0a	<6 months	Dead	[20]
2012	Iraq	Male	PID	Yes	2	2.0	2.4	2.2	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2012	Iran	Male	XLA	Yes	2	1.0	1.5	1.4	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2012	Egypt	Male	SCID	Yes	2	0.4	1.0	0.9	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2013	India	Male	CVID	Yes	2	0.9	0.7	0.6	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19]
2013	Algeria	Female	HLA-DR	No	2	0.4	1.5	1.4a	Prolonged	Alive	[19]
2013	China	Male	PID	Yes	2; 3	0.6	0.6; 2.1	1.9a	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2013	Egypt	Female	SCID	No	2	0.5	1.3	1.2	Prolonged	Dead	[19]
2013	Libya	Female	SCID	No	2	0.4	1.0	0.9	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2013	India	Male	CVID	Yes	2	0.6	0.9	0.8	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2013	India	Male	HGG	Yes	2	0.8	0.7	0.6	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2013	Saudi Arabia	Female	SCID	No	2	2.5	4.4	4.0	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2013	Iran	Male	PID	Yes	2	1.1	0.9	0.8	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2013	USA	Male	SCID	Yes	1	0.6	1.3	1.2a	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2013	Afghanistan	Male	Febrile neutropenia ID	Yes	2	3.0	0.9	0.8	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2014	Iran	Male	XLA	Yes	1	0.8	1.8	1.6	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2014	Tunisia	Male	SCID	No	2	11.8	1.0	0.9	<6 months	Alive and stopped excreting	[20]
2014	Iran	Male	AGG	Yes	2	0.7	1.9	1.7	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2014	Iran	Male	SCID	No	1	0.8	3.3	3.0	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2014	Turkey	Female	SCID	No	3	2.0	1.7	1.5	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2014	China	Male	PID	Yes	3	1.2	1.4	1.3a	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2014	Albania	Male	XLA	Yes	3	0.4	1.0	0.9	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2015	China	Male	Unknown	Yes	2	0.7	0.8	0.7	Prolonged	Alive	[19, 20]
2015	China	Male	Unknown	Yes	2	2.2	2.4	2.2	Prolonged	Alive	[20]
2015	West Bank and Gaza Strip	Female	SCID	No	2	0.5	1.4	1.3	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2015	India	Female	CVID	Yes	2	2.0	3.6	3.3	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2015	Iran	Female	SCID	Yes	2	0.5	1.6	1.5a	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2015	Iraq	Female	Unknown	Yes	2	0.8	1.7	1.5a	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2015	Iran	Male	SCID	No	2	0.3	0.7	0.6a	<6 months	Dead	[20]
2015	Iran	Female	SCID	No	2	1.0	1.1	1.0	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2015	Iran	Male	SCID	No	2; 3	1.0	2.4; 2.7	2.5a	Prolonged	Alive	[19, 20]
2015	Nigeria	Female	Unknown	Yes	2	0.1	0.7	0.6	<6 months	Dead	[20]
2015	Iran	Female	SCID	No	2	0.8	3.2	2.9	Prolonged	Alive	[19, 20]
2015	Oman	Male	SCID	No	2	0.7	1.6	1.5a	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2015	Algeria	Male	Antibody and T-cell disorder	No	2	0.8	1.7	1.5a	Prolonged	Dead	[19, 20]
2015	Turkey	Unknown	Unknown	No	3	Unknown	1.7	1.5	Prolonged	Unknown	[20]
2015	Turkey	Unknown	Unknown	Yes	2	Unknown	0.8	0.7	Prolonged	Unknown	[20]
2015	India	Male	SCID	No	3	4.0	10.2	9.3a	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[20, 51]
2015	Egypt	Male	XLA	Yes	2	1.0	1.9	1.7a	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2016	Egypt	Male	SCID	No	2	1.0	1.4	1.3	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19, 20]
2016	India	Male	XLA	Yes	2	5.3	0.6	0.5	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[19]
2016	Iraq	Female	Unknown	Yes	2	0.6	0.7	0.6	Prolonged	Dead	[20, 45]
2016	Argentina	Male	AGG	No	2	0.9	0.9	0.8	<6 months	Alive and stopped excreting	[45]
2016	Egypt	Female	SCID	No	2	Unknown	0.7	0.6	<6 months	Alive and stopped excreting	[20, 45]
2016	Pakistan	Male	Unknown	Yes	2	0.6	1.1	1.0a	Prolonged	Unknown	[45]
2016	Tunisia	Female	HLA-DR	Yes	3	0.6	1.0	0.9a	Prolonged	Dead	[45]
2016	West Bank and Gaza Strip	Male	SCID	No	2	0.7	1.0	0.9	Prolonged	Dead	[45, 52]
2016	Nigeria	Male	Unknown	Yes	2	2.0	0.9	0.8	Prolonged	Unknown	[45]
2016	Iran	Male	AGG	Yes	2	1.2	0.7	0.6	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	[45]
2017	Egypt	Male	SCID	Yes	2	1.0	1.9	1.7	<6 months	Dead	[45]
2017	Iran	Male	PID	No	3	1.2	1.3	1.2	Prolonged	Unknown	[45]
2017	Turkey	Female	CID	No	3	0.4	1.1	1.0a	<6 months	Unknown	WHOb
2017	Egypt	Male	XLA	Yes	3	1.3	2.0	1.8	Prolonged	Alive	[46]
2017	Egypt	Female	SCID	Yes	1	2.0	2.4	2.2	Prolonged	Dead	[46]
2017	China	Male	Unknown	Yes	3	1.0	0.8	0.7	Prolonged	Alive	[46]
2017	West Bank and Gaza Strip	Female	SCID	No	3	0.5	1.8	1.6	<6 months	Alive and stopped excreting	[46]
2018	Colombia	Female	Unknown	Yes	1	0.9	1.4	1.3	Prolonged	Unknown	[46]
2018	Iran	Female	Unknown	Yes	1	1.1	3.4	3.1	Prolonged	Alive	WHOb
2018	Egypt	Unknown	CID	No	1	0.8	1.7	1.5	Prolonged	Alive	WHOb
2018	China	Male	Unknown	Yes	3	1.0	1.1	1.0	Prolonged	Unknown	[46]
2018	China	Male	Unknown	Yes	3	0.8	1.4	1.3	Prolonged	Unknown	[46]
2018	South Africa	Male	AGG	Yes	3	0.2	1.6	1.5	Prolonged	Alive	[46]
2018	Egypt	Female	CID	Unknown	3	1.3	1.6	1.5	Prolonged	Alive and stopped excreting	WHOb
2018	Egypt	Male	CID	No	1	0.8	1.7	1.5	Prolonged	Alive	WHOb
2018	Egypt	Female	SCID	Yes	1	1	2.6	2.4	<6 months	Dead	WHOb
2018	Egypt	Female	SCID	No	1	0.8	0.6	0.5	Prolonged	Alive	WHOb
2018	Egypt	Male	SCID	No	3	1.2	1.6	1.5	Prolonged	Alive	WHOb
2018	Iran	Female	PID	No	1	0.6	1	0.9	Prolonged	Dead	WHOb
2018	Iran	Male	B-cell deficiency	Yes	1	1	1.6	1.5	Prolonged	Alive	WHOb
Isolations of aVDPVs suggesting prolonged excretion
1998–2008	Israel	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	2	Unknown	15.1	13.7	Unknown	Unknown
2006–2007	Israel	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	2	Unknown	8.8	8.0	Unknown	Unknown
2002	Estonia	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	3	Unknown	13.3	12.1	Unknown	Unknown
2003	Slovakia	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	2	Unknown	15.0	13.6	Unknown	Unknown
2008–2010	Finland	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	1, 2, 3	Unknown			Unknown	Unknown
2017	Australia	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	2	Unknown			Unknown	Unknown

AGG, agammaglobulinemia; iVDPV, immunodeficiency-related vaccine-derived poliovirus; CID, combined immune deficiency; CVID, common variable immunodeficiency disease; ID, immunodeficiency disease; HGG, hypogammaglobulinemia; HLA, human leukocyte antigen; ICF, immunodeficiency, centromeric region instability, facial anomalies; PID, primary immunodeficiency diseases; SCID, severe combined immunodeficiency disease; XLA, X-linked agammaglobulinemia; VP1, viral protein 1; WHO, World health Organisation.

^aEstimated duration of iVDPV excretion based on maximum VP1 divergence exceeds the age of patient.

^bWHO, personal communication.