Figure 6.

Electroactive microenvironments created by a mechanical bioreactor on a piezoelectric scaffold, inducing different responses on bacterial cells including proliferation or growth inhibition/antifouling properties, depending on the frequency applied, thus proving a new concept of bacteria susceptibility to physical stimuli. Such approaches are important to further define suitable anti- and pro-microbial strategies, intended for pathogenic and functional bacteria, respectively (Carvalho et al., 2019).